tested in another third of studies. The final third measured
leadership as the leader’s ability and support
which is a component of several practice environment
scales. Patient outcomes were categorized as: patient
satisfaction, patient mortality, adverse events and
complications and patient health care utilization.
Patient mortality and medication errors were the most
frequently tested outcomes and overall, 43 relationships
between leadership and patient outcomes were
found of which 63% (n = 27) were significant.