The PGE2 levels were higher in normally pigmented
specimens fed the ARA-H diet than in those fed the AGM diet. The effects of ARA on normally pigmented fish fed
the AGM diet and pseudo-albino specimens fed the ARA-H diet were evaluated by means of the density of melanophores and the texture and image segmentation analyses in the dorsal skin of post-metamorphic fish. The skin
of pseudo-albino specimens had a more uniform and homogeneous melanophore pattern than normally
pigmented fish. Melanophores in pseudo-albino specimens were less abundant and not so aggregated in patches
as they were in normally pigmented ones, whereas their shape differed (round vs. dendritic) suggesting their
inability to disperse melanin. In addition, fish fed the ARA-H diet presented a higher percentage of cranial deformities (95.1 ± 1.5%) than those fed the control diet (1.9 ± 1.9%) that was significantly and negatively correlated
with the incidence of normally-pigmented animals (R2 = − 0.88, P b 0.001). Cranial deformities in pseudoalbino fish were associated with an impaired migration of the eye from the ocular side (the right eye), whereas
the left eye migrated from the blind side into the ocular side almost normally. The effects of high dietary ARA
levels in the eye migration and cranial bone remodeling processes in post-metamorphic larvae were evaluated
by means of the staining of cranial skeletal elements. Pseudo-albino fish showed higher interocular distance
and head height than normally pigmented individuals, a different disposition of the eyes with regard to the
vertebral column and mouth axes, and a distinct osteological development of some skeletal structures from
the neuro- and splanchnocranium, in relation to high dietary ARA contents and high PGE2 production. These
results brought new information about possible nutritional forcing factors and physiological mechanisms of
pigmentary disorders and impaired eye migration, which are current major bottlenecks in flatfish aquaculture.
The PGE2 levels were higher in normally pigmented
specimens fed the ARA-H diet than in those fed the AGM diet. The effects of ARA on normally pigmented fish fed
the AGM diet and pseudo-albino specimens fed the ARA-H diet were evaluated by means of the density of melanophores and the texture and image segmentation analyses in the dorsal skin of post-metamorphic fish. The skin
of pseudo-albino specimens had a more uniform and homogeneous melanophore pattern than normally
pigmented fish. Melanophores in pseudo-albino specimens were less abundant and not so aggregated in patches
as they were in normally pigmented ones, whereas their shape differed (round vs. dendritic) suggesting their
inability to disperse melanin. In addition, fish fed the ARA-H diet presented a higher percentage of cranial deformities (95.1 ± 1.5%) than those fed the control diet (1.9 ± 1.9%) that was significantly and negatively correlated
with the incidence of normally-pigmented animals (R2 = − 0.88, P b 0.001). Cranial deformities in pseudoalbino fish were associated with an impaired migration of the eye from the ocular side (the right eye), whereas
the left eye migrated from the blind side into the ocular side almost normally. The effects of high dietary ARA
levels in the eye migration and cranial bone remodeling processes in post-metamorphic larvae were evaluated
by means of the staining of cranial skeletal elements. Pseudo-albino fish showed higher interocular distance
and head height than normally pigmented individuals, a different disposition of the eyes with regard to the
vertebral column and mouth axes, and a distinct osteological development of some skeletal structures from
the neuro- and splanchnocranium, in relation to high dietary ARA contents and high PGE2 production. These
results brought new information about possible nutritional forcing factors and physiological mechanisms of
pigmentary disorders and impaired eye migration, which are current major bottlenecks in flatfish aquaculture.
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