Baseline examination
The annual health examination included medical history, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, and measurement of fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipid levels. Height was measured without shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer. Weight was measured
with participants wearing only light clothing and no shoes to the nearest 0.1 kg using a standard scale. BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2). Blood pressure was
measured using an automatic manometer (BP 103i; Nippon Colin, Komaki, Japan) after the subject had rested for 5 min in a seated position. All measurements were taken by
trained staff.