Because of the depletion of finite resources and the extensive
growth in the demand for alternative energy worldwide, metal–air
batteries have been proposed as alternative energy storage
devices. Metal–air batteries have received particular attention
because of their high energy density and capacity, the lack of
dependence of their capacity on load and temperature, their flat
discharge voltage and their low fabrication cost (depends on the
metal used) [1–6]. Lithium–air (Li–air) batteries have been
aggressively studied because of their broad potential for highperformance
applications [7–10]. Such batteries can also operate
as rechargeable batteries [11,12]. Unfortunately, however, during
battery fabrication, the lithium must be handled under inert
conditions because it is very sensitive to ambient conditions and
poses an explosion hazard [13–15]. This is the greatest challenge
for the Li–air battery. As alternatives, other active metal elements
such as aluminum have been recommended.