The most useful tool in making these decisions related to validity is a careful consideration of the client’s past and current level of functioning. Specifically, a person who may look as though he or she is faking bad, but whose history reveals a person who is dysfunctional, may be merely expressing distress. In contrast, a relatively highly functioning person with the same scores on Modifying Indices is much more likely to be faking bad. Conversely, a person with a potentially fake good profile but who also has a high level of functioning may be merely expressing actual confidence, assertiveness, and high self-esteem. In contrast, a person with a similar profile but a history of interpersonal, legal, and/or psychiatric history is much more likely to be underreporting psychopathology.