Urine
cytology The epithelial lining of the bladder sheds cells that are voidedinurine.Thesecellsarecentrifugedfromtheurine andexaminedmicroscopicallytoidentifyabnormalcells. Ideally the second void of the day should be collected inacleancontainerandsenttothelaboratorypromptly. Degenerationofcellsmeansanearlymorningsampleof urineisunsuitableforcytologicalexamination(Koss,2012). Urinecytologyisnotsensitiveenoughtodiagnoselowgradeurothelialtumoursandfalsepositiveresultscanbe foundinpeoplewithbenignconditionsincludingurinary calculi,chronicinfectionandinflammation,andinpeople whohavereceivedradiotherapyorchemotherapy(Wadhwa etal,2012).