It has been 120 years since Beecher’s profound acknowledgement of both the power of the individual to battle illness, as well as the role of the health care practitioner to summon that power when needed. These two forces, combined, have been the subject of prolific investigation in the intervening years, spanning such topics as theoretical models of behavioral change, selfmanagement of chronic disease, improvement of doctor-patient relationships, the role of social support, optimism, and positive affect on health and well-being, and lifestyle modification for the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. Most recently, genelifestyle
interaction, in which physiological adaptation to physical activity, diet, or other behaviors is linked to genomic variation,and conversely, diet or exercise results in epigenetic modification
altering gene expression, has sparked enormous interest. Never before have we had so much indication that our behavior and our will are integral to our well being and resistance to disease.
Despite this wealth of knowledge, exercise as medicine remains at the periphery of medical education, clinical practice, and health care policy, particularly as it applies to older adults. Few health care professionals are sufficiently trained to understand or implement lifestyle modification; health services and clinical programs are not designed to deliver it in a manner that is robust, sustainable, or evidence-based, and insurance providers/Medicare do not generally cover provision of lifestyle programs,except for time-limited diagnostic indications. If we had a pill that could cut the risk of heart disease in half, surely it would be funded by our government, and promoted by all health care practitioners starting in early life. We have that pill; its name is exercise.10 Similarly, lifestyle modification (diet and exercise)
has now been shown in diabetes prevention trials to reduce incident type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults by 30-70% in the US,China, Finland, India, Japan, Italy, and Sweden—much more effectively than metformin.56-58 Yet it is metformin that is available and reimbursable in most countries for this purpose, and the translation of the randomized trial evidence into primary care is
far from accomplished, accepted, or proven as cost-effective.57,59 The gap between knowledge and effective health promotion by clinicians and government policy is nowhere more evident than in
these examples.
Exercise is integral to the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation
strategies necessary for the care of older adults. Exercise should be
prescribed, as is all other medical treatment, with consideration of
its unique risks and benefits, knowledge of appropriate modality
and dose (intensity, frequency, volume), monitoring for drug
interactions, benefits and adverse events, and utilization of the
strongest possible behavioral medicine techniques known to
optimize adoption and adherence. There is no age above which
physical activity ceases to have benefits across a wide range of
diseases and disabilities. Sedentariness is a lethal condition;
physical activity is the antidote, and health care practitioners
should be well-educated leaders and role models in the effort to
enhance functional independence, psychological well-being, and
quality of life through promotion of exercise for the aged, both fit
and frail. Importantly, frailty is not a contraindication to exercise.
It is, by contrast, one of the most important reasons to prescribe it.
มันได้ 120 ปีตั้งแต่รับทราบลึกซึ้งของ Beecher ของอำนาจทั้งสองของแต่ละบุคคลเพื่อต่อสู้โรค รวมทั้งบทบาทของผู้ประกอบการดูแลสุขภาพเรียกว่า พลังงานเมื่อจำเป็น ทหารเหล่านี้สอง รวม ได้รับเรื่องสอบสวนลูกอยู่ระหว่างกลางปี รัฐหัวข้อดังกล่าวเป็นรูปแบบทฤษฎีการเปลี่ยนแปลงพฤติกรรม selfmanagement ของโรค การปรับปรุงความสัมพันธ์แพทย์ผู้ป่วย บทบาทของการสนับสนุนทางสังคม มองในแง่ดี และมีผลบวกต่อแก้ไขสุขภาพ และสุขภาพ และการใช้ชีวิตในการป้องกันและรักษาโรคเรื้อรัง ล่าสุด genelifestyleการโต้ตอบ การที่สรีรวิทยาการปรับตัวทางกายภาพกิจกรรม อาหาร หรือพฤติกรรมอื่น ๆ เชื่อมโยงกับความผันแปร genomic และในทางกลับกัน ผลของอาหารหรือออกกำลังกายปรับเปลี่ยน epigeneticดัดแปลงยีน มีจุดประกายดอกเบี้ยมหาศาล เคยมีมาก่อนเรามีมากบ่งชี้ว่า พฤติกรรมของเราและของเราจะเป็นไปได้ดีและต้านทานโรคของเราDespite this wealth of knowledge, exercise as medicine remains at the periphery of medical education, clinical practice, and health care policy, particularly as it applies to older adults. Few health care professionals are sufficiently trained to understand or implement lifestyle modification; health services and clinical programs are not designed to deliver it in a manner that is robust, sustainable, or evidence-based, and insurance providers/Medicare do not generally cover provision of lifestyle programs,except for time-limited diagnostic indications. If we had a pill that could cut the risk of heart disease in half, surely it would be funded by our government, and promoted by all health care practitioners starting in early life. We have that pill; its name is exercise.10 Similarly, lifestyle modification (diet and exercise)has now been shown in diabetes prevention trials to reduce incident type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults by 30-70% in the US,China, Finland, India, Japan, Italy, and Sweden—much more effectively than metformin.56-58 Yet it is metformin that is available and reimbursable in most countries for this purpose, and the translation of the randomized trial evidence into primary care isfar from accomplished, accepted, or proven as cost-effective.57,59 The gap between knowledge and effective health promotion by clinicians and government policy is nowhere more evident than inthese examples.Exercise is integral to the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitationstrategies necessary for the care of older adults. Exercise should beprescribed, as is all other medical treatment, with consideration ofits unique risks and benefits, knowledge of appropriate modalityand dose (intensity, frequency, volume), monitoring for druginteractions, benefits and adverse events, and utilization of thestrongest possible behavioral medicine techniques known tooptimize adoption and adherence. There is no age above whichphysical activity ceases to have benefits across a wide range ofdiseases and disabilities. Sedentariness is a lethal condition;physical activity is the antidote, and health care practitionersshould be well-educated leaders and role models in the effort toenhance functional independence, psychological well-being, andquality of life through promotion of exercise for the aged, both fitand frail. Importantly, frailty is not a contraindication to exercise.It is, by contrast, one of the most important reasons to prescribe it.
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