Polyphenols may inhibit VEGF-induced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation in three ways: (i) by binding directly to the VEGF molecule in a way that prevents VEGF from binding to its receptor; (ii) by binding to the VEGF receptor in a way that prevents VEGF from binding and/or activating the receptor; or (iii) by interacting with intracellular components involved in phosphorylation of VEGFR-2.