concentrated solar radiation on the outer surface of receiver tube,
which is an inherent feature of PTC, the thermal-stress risk could
be even higher. Almanza et al. [7,8] have shown that the thermal-
stress-induced bending could cause a deflection up to 6.5 cm
for a 2.9 m long receiver tube. On the other hand, the annular flow
gives an ideal steam/water profile where the inner surface of receiver
tube is fully wetted. Therefore, annular flow is the favorable
flow pattern while stratified flow is the one to be avoided. To solve
this thermal-stress problem, some researchers have tried to
improve the receiver tube. Flores and Almanza [9,10] regarded
the low thermal conductivity of Fe as the weak point and proposed
a Cu–Fe bimetallic receiver. Good improvement in circumferential
temperature profile was achieved that the maximum temperature
concentrated solar radiation on the outer surface of receiver tube,which is an inherent feature of PTC, the thermal-stress risk couldbe even higher. Almanza et al. [7,8] have shown that the thermal-stress-induced bending could cause a deflection up to 6.5 cmfor a 2.9 m long receiver tube. On the other hand, the annular flowgives an ideal steam/water profile where the inner surface of receivertube is fully wetted. Therefore, annular flow is the favorableflow pattern while stratified flow is the one to be avoided. To solvethis thermal-stress problem, some researchers have tried toimprove the receiver tube. Flores and Almanza [9,10] regardedthe low thermal conductivity of Fe as the weak point and proposeda Cu–Fe bimetallic receiver. Good improvement in circumferentialtemperature profile was achieved that the maximum temperature
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