Limitations of this study include the small sample size
and short duration of the study. These limitations lead to a
decreased power in detecting differences between groups in
secondary outcomes. Further studies examining larger
samples for longer periods are necessary to determine the
long-term health benefits of kimchi. In addition, fresh kimchi
was defined as 1-day-old and fermented kimchi as 10-dayold;
however, additional degrees of fermentation need to be
examined to confirm the effects of fermentation. This study
was a crossover design study. Therefore, the effect of
previous treatment might remain after the crossover.
However, we had a washout period to eliminate any
remaining effects.