where a score of 1 indicates that WiFi and cellular consumption is equal, a score of less than 1 indicates that cellular dominates, and a score greater than 1 indicates that WiFi dominates. The most intriguing part of the graph (as observed by our work in4) is that for the bulk of the time period, the WiFi / cellular ratio tends to be on other order of either a slight favoring for WiFi or at times, directly favoring cellular despite pervasive campus WiFi (802.11n). At the time, there seemed to be consistent patterns amongst several popular smartphone models (Nexus S, HTC Incredible, Galaxy S2) that pointed to a 3-5 dBM signal penalty compared to laptops and tablets. The net result was that in a well-tuned campus environment, there emerged numerous ‘black holes’ with respect to coverage where either the device would cling to previously associated WiFi or simply fall back to cellular.