The Medieval form of tennis is termed as real tennis. Real tennis evolved over three centuries, from an earlier ball game played around the 12th century in France which involved hitting a ball with a bare hand and later with a glove.[19][20] By the 16th century, the glove had become a racquet, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area, and the rules had stabilized. Real tennis spread in popularity throughout royalty in Europe, reaching its peak in the 16th century.
In 1437 at the Blackfriars, Perth, the playing of tennis indirectly led to the death of King James I of Scotland, when the drain outlet, through which he hoped to escape assassins, had been blocked to prevent the loss of tennis balls.[21] James was trapped and killed.[22]
Francis I of France (1515–47) was an enthusiastic player and promoter of real tennis, building courts and encouraging play among the courtiers and commoners. His successor Henry II (1547–59) was also an excellent player and continued the royal French tradition. In 1555 an Italian priest, Antonio Scaino da Salothe, wrote the first known book about tennis, Trattato del Giuoco della Palla. Two French kings died from tennis related episodes—Louis X of a severe chill after playing and Charles VIII after hitting his head during a game.[23] King Charles IX granted a constitution to the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571, creating the first pro tennis 'tour', establishing three professional levels: apprentice, associate, and master. A professional named Forbet wrote and published the first codification of the rules in 1599.[24]
Royal interest in England began with Henry V (1413–22.) Henry VIII (1509–47) made the biggest impact as a young monarch; playing the game with gusto at Hampton Court on a court he built in 1530. It is believed that his second wife Anne Boleyn was watching a game when she was arrested and that Henry was playing when news of her execution arrived. During the reign of James I (1603–25), London had 14 courts.[25]
Drawing of a Lawn Tennis court as originally designed by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield in 1874
Cover of the first edition of the book about Lawn Tennis by Walter Clopton Wingfield, published in February 1874
Real tennis is mentioned in literature by William Shakespeare who mentions "tennis balles" in Henry V (1599), when a basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness; the incident is also mentioned in some earlier chronicles and ballads.[26] One of the most striking early references appears in a painting by Giambattista Tiepolo entitled The Death of Hyacinth (1752–1753) in which a strung racquet and three tennis balls are depicted. The painting's theme is the mythological story of Apollo and Hyacinth, written by Ovid. Giovanni Andrea dell'Anguillara translated it into Italian in 1561 and replaced the ancient game of discus, in the original text with pallacorda or tennis, which had achieved a high status at the courts in the middle of the 16th century. Tiepolo's painting, displayed at the Museo Thyssen Bornemisza in Madrid, was ordered in 1752 by German count Wilhelm Friedrich Schaumburg Lippe, who was an avid tennis player.
The game thrived among the 17th-century nobility in France, Spain, Italy, and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but suffered under English Puritanism. By the Age of Napoleon, the royal families of Europe were besieged and real tennis was largely abandoned.[27] Real tennis played a minor role in the history of the French Revolution, through the Tennis Court Oath, a pledge signed by French deputies on a real tennis court, which formed a decisive early step in starting the revolution. In England, during the 18th and early 19th centuries as real tennis died out, three other racquet sports emerged: racquets, squash racquets, and lawn tennis (the modern game).
Birth of lawn tennis[edit]
Augurio Perera's house in Edgbaston, Birmingham, where he and Harry Gem first played the modern game of lawn tennis
The modern sport is tied to two separate inventions.
Between 1859 and 1865, in Birmingham, England, Major Harry Gem, a solicitor, and his friend Augurio Perera, a Spanish merchant, combined elements of the game of rackets and the Spanish ball game Pelota and played it on a croquet lawn in Edgbaston.[28][29] In 1872, both men moved to Leamington Spa and in 1874, with two doctors from the Warneford Hospital, founded the world's first tennis club, the Leamington Tennis Club.[30]
In December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed and patented a similar game—which he called Sphairistikè (Greek: σφάίρίστική, from ancient Greek meaning "skill at playing at ball"), and was soon known simply as "sticky"—for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales.[31][32] He likely based his game on the evolving sport of outdoor tennis including real tennis. Much of modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, as Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis and applied them to his new game.[33] He patented the game [34] in 1874 with an eight-page rule book titled "Sphairistike or Lawn Tennis",[35] but he failed to succeed in enforcing his patent.[36] In his version the game was played on an hour-glass shaped court and the net was higher (4 feet 8 inches). The service had to be made from a diamond-shaped box at one end only and the service had to bounce beyond the service line instead of in front of it. He adopted the Rackets-based system of scoring where games consisted of 15 points (called 'aces').[37]
Mary Ewing Outerbridge played the game in Bermuda at "Clermont", a house with a spacious lawn in Paget parish.[38] In 1874 Mary returned from Bermuda aboard the ship "S.S. Canima" and introduced lawn tennis to the United States.[39] She set up the first tennis court in the United States on the grounds of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club, which was near where the Staten Island Ferry Terminal is today.[40] The club was founded on or about March 22, 1872. She played the first tennis game in the US against her sister Laura in Staten Island, New York, on an hourglass-shaped court.[40]
แบบยุคกลางของกีฬาเทนนิสเรียกว่าเป็นเทนนิสจริง เล่นเทนนิสจริงพัฒนากว่าสามศตวรรษ จากเกมมีลูกก่อนหน้ารอบศตวรรษ 12 ฝรั่งเศสซึ่งเกี่ยวข้องกับการตีลูกบอล ด้วยมือเปล่า และหลังจากที่ มีถุงมือ [19] [20] โดยศตวรรษ 16 ถุงมือที่มีเป็น แบบไม้ เกมได้ย้ายไปเล่นพื้นที่แนบ และกฎที่มีเสถียร เทนนิสจริงแพร่กระจายในความนิยมทั่วทั้งราชวงศ์ยุโรป ถึงจุดสูงสุดของในศตวรรษ 16ใน 1437 ที่ Blackfriars เพิร์ธ เล่นเทนนิสอ้อมนำการตายของกษัตริย์ James ฉันของสกอตแลนด์ เมื่อจำหน่ายท่อระบายน้ำ ซึ่งเขาหวังว่าจะหลบหนี กาฬได้ถูกบล็อกไว้เพื่อป้องกันการสูญหายของลูกเทนนิส [21] James ติดอยู่ และตาย [22]ของฝรั่งเศส (ค.ศ. 1515 – 47) ผมเล่นกระตือรือร้นและโปรโมเตอร์ของสนามจริง Francis อาคารสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก และส่งเสริมให้เล่น courtiers และไพร่ สืบของเขาเฮนรี่ II (1547 – 59) ยังเป็นผู้เล่นที่ยอดเยี่ยม และต่อราชประเพณีฝรั่งเศส ใน 1555 พระสงฆ์มีอิตาลี Antonio Scaino ดา Salothe เขียนหนังสือชื่อดังแรกเกี่ยวกับเทนนิส Trattato del Palla Giuoco เดลลา กษัตริย์ฝรั่งเศสสองตายจากเทนนิสสัมพันธ์ตอน — X Louis ของเย็นอย่างรุนแรงหลังจากการเล่นและชาร์ลส์ VIII หลังตีหัวของเขาในระหว่างเกม [23] กษัตริย์ชาร์ลส์ IX ที่รัฐธรรมนูญให้แก่บริษัทนักเทนนิสใน 1571 สร้างเทนนิส pro แรก 'ท่องเที่ยว' สร้างสามระดับมืออาชีพ: เด็กฝึกงาน เชื่อมโยง และหลักการ มืออาชีพชื่อ Forbet เขียน และเผยแพร่กฎกฎเกณฑ์แรกใน 1599 [24]เริ่มสนใจรอยัลในอังกฤษกับ Henry V (1413 – 22) เฮนรี่ VIII (1509 – 47) ทำให้ผลกระทบที่ใหญ่ที่สุดเป็นพระมหากษัตริย์หนุ่ม เล่นเกมอย่างสนุกสนานที่แฮมป์ตันคอร์ทในศาลเขาสร้างใน 1530 เชื่อว่า ภรรยาของเขาสองแอนน์โบลีนถูกดูเกมเมื่อเธอถูกจับ และถูกเล่นเฮนรี่เมื่อมาถึงข่าวของเธอ ในรัชสมัยของ James (ค.ศ. 1603 – 25), ลอนดอนมีศาล 14 [25]รูปวาดของสนามหญ้าสนามที่ออกแบบ โดยหลัก Walter Clopton Wingfield ใน 1874ฝาครอบของรุ่นแรกของหนังสือเกี่ยวกับเทนนิสโดย Walter Clopton Wingfield เผยแพร่ในกุมภาพันธ์พ.ศ. 2417กล่าวถึงสนามจริงในวรรณกรรม โดยเชกสเปียร์ William ที่กล่าวถึง "balles เทนนิส" ในสมเด็จพระเจ้าเฮนรี V (1599), เมื่อกระเช้าของพวกเขาจะให้กษัตริย์เฮนรีเป็น mockery เยาวชนของเขาและ playfulness นอกจากนี้ยังมีการกล่าวถึงเหตุการณ์ในพงศาวดารและบัลลาดส์ก่อนหน้า [26] หนึ่งการอ้างอิงช่วงที่โดดเด่นที่สุดปรากฏในภาพวาดเพดานชาเปลซิ Giambattista สิทธิตายของไฮยาซินธ์ (1752-1753) ในซึ่ง ไม้ strung และลูกเทนนิสสามจะแสดงการ ชุดรูปแบบของจิตรกรรมเป็นเรื่องราวตำนานของอพอลโลและดอกไฮยาซินธ์ เขียน โดยโอวิด Dell'Anguillara Andrea Giovanni แปลเป็นอิตาลีใน 1561 และแทนเกมของปลาปอมปาดัวร์ ในข้อความต้นฉบับกับ pallacorda หรือเทนนิส ซึ่งประสบความสำเร็จมีสถานะที่ศาลกลางศตวรรษ 16 ภาพวาดเพดานของชาเปลซิ แสดงที่ Thyssen Bornemisza พิพิธภัณฑ์ในกรุงมาดริด ถูกสั่งใน 1752 โดยนับจำนวนชาวเยอรมันวิลเฮล์มฟรีดริชชวมเบิร์กลิพเพอ เจ้าเทนนิสมักมากThe game thrived among the 17th-century nobility in France, Spain, Italy, and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but suffered under English Puritanism. By the Age of Napoleon, the royal families of Europe were besieged and real tennis was largely abandoned.[27] Real tennis played a minor role in the history of the French Revolution, through the Tennis Court Oath, a pledge signed by French deputies on a real tennis court, which formed a decisive early step in starting the revolution. In England, during the 18th and early 19th centuries as real tennis died out, three other racquet sports emerged: racquets, squash racquets, and lawn tennis (the modern game).Birth of lawn tennis[edit]Augurio Perera's house in Edgbaston, Birmingham, where he and Harry Gem first played the modern game of lawn tennisThe modern sport is tied to two separate inventions.Between 1859 and 1865, in Birmingham, England, Major Harry Gem, a solicitor, and his friend Augurio Perera, a Spanish merchant, combined elements of the game of rackets and the Spanish ball game Pelota and played it on a croquet lawn in Edgbaston.[28][29] In 1872, both men moved to Leamington Spa and in 1874, with two doctors from the Warneford Hospital, founded the world's first tennis club, the Leamington Tennis Club.[30]In December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed and patented a similar game—which he called Sphairistikè (Greek: σφάίρίστική, from ancient Greek meaning "skill at playing at ball"), and was soon known simply as "sticky"—for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales.[31][32] He likely based his game on the evolving sport of outdoor tennis including real tennis. Much of modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, as Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis and applied them to his new game.[33] He patented the game [34] in 1874 with an eight-page rule book titled "Sphairistike or Lawn Tennis",[35] but he failed to succeed in enforcing his patent.[36] In his version the game was played on an hour-glass shaped court and the net was higher (4 feet 8 inches). The service had to be made from a diamond-shaped box at one end only and the service had to bounce beyond the service line instead of in front of it. He adopted the Rackets-based system of scoring where games consisted of 15 points (called 'aces').[37]Mary Ewing Outerbridge played the game in Bermuda at "Clermont", a house with a spacious lawn in Paget parish.[38] In 1874 Mary returned from Bermuda aboard the ship "S.S. Canima" and introduced lawn tennis to the United States.[39] She set up the first tennis court in the United States on the grounds of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club, which was near where the Staten Island Ferry Terminal is today.[40] The club was founded on or about March 22, 1872. She played the first tennis game in the US against her sister Laura in Staten Island, New York, on an hourglass-shaped court.[40]
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