mild erythema across most of the treatment site.
++: Moderate positive reaction; distinct erythema across entire treatment site, possibly spreading beyond treatment site. +++: Strong positive reaction; spreading erythema with edema.
Erythema was the primary response detected and recorded. Purely surface effects (e.g., dryness, glazing) were recorded, but were not used as sole determinants of positive responses. Subjects not responding to a test material after a given exposure interval, were re-exposed for the next longer interval at naive skin sites. Once a positive response (P1+) occurred in a given subject, there were no further exposures of that subject to that test material. In the first two studies, test materials were evaluated using a 7-week protocol, in which subjects were gradu- ally enrolled into the procedure and exposure durations were increased at weekly intervals. Because of minimal skin reactions, this extended protocol was deemed unnecessary and the latter five studies were conducted using a shorter 2- or 3-week protocol in which all sub- jects were enrolled at the same time and two exposures were applied each week. In the abbreviated protocol, a negative response to a test material at the 24- or 48-h grading time point allowed for re-exposure to that test material for the next longer duration at a naive skin site; thus, each subject received up to 2 exposures per week rather than 1 exposure per week as under the 7-week protocol. In these studies, test formulation applications were terminated if >50% of the subjects had responded by the 3-h exposure or earlier. However, subjects were patched with the positive control (20% SDS) out to the full 4-h exposure unless all subjects had responded to the shorter exposures. The underlying principle of the patch testing procedure was to avoid the production of strong irritation responses (Robinson et al., 2001). Over 80% of all patch test exposures (including positive control) resulted in grade 0 or 1 responses. Most of the moderate and strong skin reactions occurred in dry weather (winter time) studies, and even these reactions resolved quickly. A few subjects dropped out of the studies subsequent to entry; however, none of the drop- outs were for treatment-related reasons.
2.3. Data analysis
The number of subjects completing the test included all subjects who received a 4-h exposure to that test material plus any subject reacting after an earlier expo-
sure time. For formulations terminated early (due to >50% responders) the number completing the test in- cluded positive responders and all subjects not respond- ing to the final exposure application. The data were compiled as the accumulative % incidence of positive skin reactions to a given test material. The total % responders to the various test materials in a given study were compared to the 20% SDS control using Fishers Exact Test. Statistical comparisons were made based upon responses at the 4-h time point (for most test mate- rials) or at the terminal exposure time (for those few materials with exposures terminated before the 4-h exposure time due to >50% responders). Test materials showing equal or statistically greater (p < 0.05) inci- dences of positive responders vs. SDS were considered irritating under the conditions of exposure (Basketter et al., 1994). Test materials showing statistically lower (p < 0.05) incidences of positive responders vs. SDS were considered non-irritating under the conditions of expo- sure. The temporal responses were also evaluated by curve fitting (SigmaPlot for Windows, version 8.02, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) and TR50 values (the time of exposure necessary for 50% of the exposed population to show a positive skin response) were determined and compared within and across studies.
3. Results
Seven separate clinical patch studies were conducted between June 1998 and January 2002. These studies were conducted using the same basic protocol format although the duration of the studies ranged from 7-weeks for the first two studies to 2–3 weeks for the latter five studies (see Section 2). Exposures to the test materi- als were incremental from 30 min to 4 h (one study dropped the 30 min exposure). All of the study details are provided in Table 1, including numbers of subjects (and gender breakdown), subject ages, test materials, the highest cumulative percent irritation responses, and the irritation comparisons to the 20% SDS bench- mark. The time course patterns of the cumulative per- cent positive skin irritation responses for each test material compared to 20% SDS, for each of the 7 stud- ies, are shown in Figs. 1A–7A. Symbols on each graph indicate those formulations significantly more or less irritating than 20% SDS at the terminal patch exposure time point. Those formulas that showed no significant difference in skin irritation responses vs. SDS and those formulas that showed significantly more skin irritation responses than SDS would be considered irritating to skin under these specific exposure conditions. Those for- mulas that showed significantly less skin irritation than SDS would be considered non-irritating under these specific exposure conditions. The time response curves
erythema อ่อนทั่วทั้งไซต์รักษา ++: บรรเทาปฏิกิริยาบวก erythema โดดข้ามไซต์ทั้งรักษา อาจแพร่กระจายเกินรักษาไซต์ +++: ปฏิกิริยาบวกแรง แพร่กระจาย erythema กับอาการบวมน้ำErythema was the primary response detected and recorded. Purely surface effects (e.g., dryness, glazing) were recorded, but were not used as sole determinants of positive responses. Subjects not responding to a test material after a given exposure interval, were re-exposed for the next longer interval at naive skin sites. Once a positive response (P1+) occurred in a given subject, there were no further exposures of that subject to that test material. In the first two studies, test materials were evaluated using a 7-week protocol, in which subjects were gradu- ally enrolled into the procedure and exposure durations were increased at weekly intervals. Because of minimal skin reactions, this extended protocol was deemed unnecessary and the latter five studies were conducted using a shorter 2- or 3-week protocol in which all sub- jects were enrolled at the same time and two exposures were applied each week. In the abbreviated protocol, a negative response to a test material at the 24- or 48-h grading time point allowed for re-exposure to that test material for the next longer duration at a naive skin site; thus, each subject received up to 2 exposures per week rather than 1 exposure per week as under the 7-week protocol. In these studies, test formulation applications were terminated if >50% of the subjects had responded by the 3-h exposure or earlier. However, subjects were patched with the positive control (20% SDS) out to the full 4-h exposure unless all subjects had responded to the shorter exposures. The underlying principle of the patch testing procedure was to avoid the production of strong irritation responses (Robinson et al., 2001). Over 80% of all patch test exposures (including positive control) resulted in grade 0 or 1 responses. Most of the moderate and strong skin reactions occurred in dry weather (winter time) studies, and even these reactions resolved quickly. A few subjects dropped out of the studies subsequent to entry; however, none of the drop- outs were for treatment-related reasons.2.3. ข้อมูลวิเคราะห์จำนวนเรื่องที่เสร็จสิ้นการทดสอบรวมเรื่องทั้งหมดที่ได้รับแสง 4 h การทดสอบวัสดุที่ บวกเรื่องใด ๆ ปฏิกิริยาหลังจากก่อนหน้านี้เอ็กซ์-เวลาแน่ สำหรับสูตรจบเร็ว (เนื่อง > 50% responders) หมายเติม responders บวกใน cluded การทดสอบและทุกหัวข้อไม่ตอบสนองกำลังจะใช้แสง final ข้อมูลถูกรวบรวมเป็น%ปัจจุบันเกิดปฏิกิริยาผิวหนังบวกกับวัสดุทดสอบกำหนด Responders %รวมกับการทดสอบต่าง ๆ ในการศึกษากำหนดถูกเปรียบเทียบกับควบคุมองค์กร 20% ที่ใช้เปรียบเทียบสถิติแน่นอน Test. s Fisher ได้ทำตามคำตอบ ที่จุดเวลา 4 h (สำหรับคู่ทดสอบมากที่สุด-rials) หรือเวลาเปิดรับแสงที่เทอร์มินัล (สำหรับถ่ายภาพวัสดุสามจบก่อนเวลาเปิดรับแสง 4 h เนื่อง > 50% responders) ทดสอบแสดงทางสถิติมากกว่า หรือเท่ากับ (p < 0.05) inci-dences ของ responders บวกเทียบกับ SDS ได้คำนึงถึงวัตถุดิบเคืองภายใต้เงื่อนไขของการสัมผัส (Basketter et al., 1994) วัสดุทดสอบแสดง incidences ระดับล่างทางสถิติ (p < 0.05) ของ responders บวกเทียบกับ SDS ได้ถือทารกภายใต้เงื่อนไขของเอ็กซ์ - แน่ใจ การตอบสนองชั่วคราวยังถูกประเมิน โดยเส้นโค้ง fitting (SigmaPlot สำหรับ Windows รุ่น 8.02 โปรแกรม Inc. ชิคาโก IL) และค่า TR50 (เวลาของการสัมผัสที่จำเป็นสำหรับ 50% ของประชากรเพื่อแสดงการตอบสนองบวกผิวสัมผัส) ถูกกำหนด และเปรียบเทียบภายใน และการศึกษา3. ผลลัพธ์ศึกษาปรับปรุงคลินิกแยกเจ็ดได้ดำเนินการระหว่างเดือนมิถุนายนปี 1998 และ 2002 มกราคม การศึกษานี้ได้ดำเนินการโดยใช้รูปแบบโพรโทคอลพื้นฐานเดียวกันแม้ว่าระยะเวลาที่ศึกษาอยู่ในช่วงจากสัปดาห์ที่ 7 สำหรับ first การศึกษาสองไป 2 – 3 สัปดาห์ศึกษา five หลัง (ดูส่วน 2) ภาพการทดสอบ materi-ยังมีเพิ่มขึ้นจาก 30 นาที 4 h (หนึ่งลดลงความเสี่ยง 30 นาที) ศึกษารายละเอียดทั้งหมดมีในตารางที่ 1 หมายเลขของหัวข้อ (แบ่งเพศ), รวมถึงเรื่องอายุ ทดสอบวัสดุ ตอบสนองต่อการระคายเคืองเปอร์เซ็นต์สะสมสูงสุด และการระคายเคืองให้ 20% SDS ม้าเครื่องหมายการเปรียบเทียบ รูปแบบหลักสูตรเวลาตอบสนองการระคายเคืองผิวบวกสะสมต่อเปอร์เซ็นต์สำหรับแต่ละวัสดุทดสอบเปรียบเทียบกับ 20% SDS สำหรับแต่ละ 7 สตั๊ด-ies แสดงใน Figs. 1A-7A สัญลักษณ์ในแต่ละกราฟบ่งชี้ significantly สูตรที่เคืองน้อยกว่า 20% SDS จุดเวลาสัมผัสโปรแกรมเทอร์มินัล สูตรที่แสดงไม่ difference significant ในการตอบสนองการระคายเคืองผิวเทียบกับ SDS และสูตรที่แสดงให้เห็นว่า significantly ตอบสนองผิวระคายเคืองมากขึ้นกว่า SDS จะถือว่าเคืองผิวภายใต้เงื่อนไขเหล่านี้แสง specific เหล่านั้นใน-mulas ที่แสดงให้เห็นว่า significantly ระคายเคืองผิวน้อยกว่า SDS จะถือว่าทารกภายใต้เงื่อนไขเหล่านี้แสง specific เส้นโค้งเวลาตอบสนอง
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mild erythema across most of the treatment site.
++: Moderate positive reaction; distinct erythema across entire treatment site, possibly spreading beyond treatment site. +++: Strong positive reaction; spreading erythema with edema.
Erythema was the primary response detected and recorded. Purely surface effects (e.g., dryness, glazing) were recorded, but were not used as sole determinants of positive responses. Subjects not responding to a test material after a given exposure interval, were re-exposed for the next longer interval at naive skin sites. Once a positive response (P1+) occurred in a given subject, there were no further exposures of that subject to that test material. In the first two studies, test materials were evaluated using a 7-week protocol, in which subjects were gradu- ally enrolled into the procedure and exposure durations were increased at weekly intervals. Because of minimal skin reactions, this extended protocol was deemed unnecessary and the latter five studies were conducted using a shorter 2- or 3-week protocol in which all sub- jects were enrolled at the same time and two exposures were applied each week. In the abbreviated protocol, a negative response to a test material at the 24- or 48-h grading time point allowed for re-exposure to that test material for the next longer duration at a naive skin site; thus, each subject received up to 2 exposures per week rather than 1 exposure per week as under the 7-week protocol. In these studies, test formulation applications were terminated if >50% of the subjects had responded by the 3-h exposure or earlier. However, subjects were patched with the positive control (20% SDS) out to the full 4-h exposure unless all subjects had responded to the shorter exposures. The underlying principle of the patch testing procedure was to avoid the production of strong irritation responses (Robinson et al., 2001). Over 80% of all patch test exposures (including positive control) resulted in grade 0 or 1 responses. Most of the moderate and strong skin reactions occurred in dry weather (winter time) studies, and even these reactions resolved quickly. A few subjects dropped out of the studies subsequent to entry; however, none of the drop- outs were for treatment-related reasons.
2.3. Data analysis
The number of subjects completing the test included all subjects who received a 4-h exposure to that test material plus any subject reacting after an earlier expo-
sure time. For formulations terminated early (due to >50% responders) the number completing the test in- cluded positive responders and all subjects not respond- ing to the final exposure application. The data were compiled as the accumulative % incidence of positive skin reactions to a given test material. The total % responders to the various test materials in a given study were compared to the 20% SDS control using Fishers Exact Test. Statistical comparisons were made based upon responses at the 4-h time point (for most test mate- rials) or at the terminal exposure time (for those few materials with exposures terminated before the 4-h exposure time due to >50% responders). Test materials showing equal or statistically greater (p < 0.05) inci- dences of positive responders vs. SDS were considered irritating under the conditions of exposure (Basketter et al., 1994). Test materials showing statistically lower (p < 0.05) incidences of positive responders vs. SDS were considered non-irritating under the conditions of expo- sure. The temporal responses were also evaluated by curve fitting (SigmaPlot for Windows, version 8.02, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) and TR50 values (the time of exposure necessary for 50% of the exposed population to show a positive skin response) were determined and compared within and across studies.
3. Results
Seven separate clinical patch studies were conducted between June 1998 and January 2002. These studies were conducted using the same basic protocol format although the duration of the studies ranged from 7-weeks for the first two studies to 2–3 weeks for the latter five studies (see Section 2). Exposures to the test materi- als were incremental from 30 min to 4 h (one study dropped the 30 min exposure). All of the study details are provided in Table 1, including numbers of subjects (and gender breakdown), subject ages, test materials, the highest cumulative percent irritation responses, and the irritation comparisons to the 20% SDS bench- mark. The time course patterns of the cumulative per- cent positive skin irritation responses for each test material compared to 20% SDS, for each of the 7 stud- ies, are shown in Figs. 1A–7A. Symbols on each graph indicate those formulations significantly more or less irritating than 20% SDS at the terminal patch exposure time point. Those formulas that showed no significant difference in skin irritation responses vs. SDS and those formulas that showed significantly more skin irritation responses than SDS would be considered irritating to skin under these specific exposure conditions. Those for- mulas that showed significantly less skin irritation than SDS would be considered non-irritating under these specific exposure conditions. The time response curves
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