People with more education and/or higher incomes live longer and experience fewer
adverse health events (Crimmins & Saito, 2001). Our study also showed that urban as well
as male elderly are more educated, active in all aspects of life and have longer HLE. These
findings indicate that steps should be taken to provide life long learning as well as
pragmatic education with motivation to be active in every aspect of life. The opportunity
for positive community participation as well as health and security should also be ensured
in later life. Urban amenities should be provided to the rural areas such as parks and
recreational facilities. Strengthening family support systems through advocacy and