and the striations among the various groups of returnees comprise an area of inquiry worthy of further research. noted above, during the Great Proletarian cultural Revolution (GPcR) huagiao were commonly accused of having illicit relations' (clandestine business or political connections) with foreigners or foreign governments, and were frequently branded secret agents or spies (te wu *Hor jiandie The types of responses in the interview above, tinged with both pride and regret, were common among the subjects I interviewed.