ผลการวิจัยเหล่านี้จะสอดคล้องกับต่ำacetyl-CoA synthetase กิจกรรมและการใช้ประโยชน์จำกัดของ acetate โดย ruminant ตับ (17)ใน hepatocytesแยกต่างหากจากตอนแพะชายลดลง 1.25 และ 2.5 mM butyrate (P < .01)ผลิตกลูโคส [14C] จาก propionate [2-14C]62 และ 58% ของการควบคุม (รูปปอนด์), เหมือนกับก่อนหน้านี้ข้อมูล (2)ใช้ลูก hepatocytes ภายใต้เงื่อนไขทดลองเหมือนกัน butyrate ที่ลดลง(P < .01) ผลิตกลูโคส [ลัค] 32และ 37% ของตัวควบคุมรูปปอนด์)มีไม่มีความแตกต่างระหว่างผลของ 1.25 เทียบกับ 2.5butyrate มม.และพันธุ์ไม่ x butyrate โต้ตอบเพื่อกำจัดอธิบายได้หนึ่งทำไม butyrate แต่ไม่อื่น ๆ VFA ยับยั้งการสร้างกลูโคสจากการเพาะเลี้ยง propionate อัตราดูดซับ VFA ได้กำหนดราคาของ propionateถูกดูดซับ โดย hepatocytes แพะ (2 รูป)คล้ายกับรายงานสำหรับแกะ hepatocytes(8) . เมื่อ VFA incubated ที (รูป3), อัตราการดูดซับมี propionate > valerate> isovalerate > butyrateข้อมูลเหล่านี้จะสอดคล้องกันมีใช้ขึ้น propionate กว่า butyrate รายงานใน hepatocytes (8),และตับ mitochondria (19) แยกต่างหากจากแกะ ใช้ valerate และ isovalerateโดย hepatocytes แพะตกลงกับเกือบเคลียร์สมบูรณ์ของกรดไขมันเหล่านี้จากเลือดพอร์ทัล โดยตับวัว (16)รวม propionate 1.25 มิลลิเมตรในการฟักตัวสื่อที่มีแนวโน้มที่จะ ลดการดูดซับ valerate(P<.10) and had no effect on isovalerate orbutyrate uptake (Figure 3).Uptake of valerateand isovalerate in the presence of propionatetended to be greater (P<.10) than butyrate uptakein the presence of propionate. These findingseliminate the possibility that previous differencesobserved among the VFA onpropionate metabolism (2) resulted from alesser ability of isolated ruminant hepatocytes to utilize valerate and isovalerate comparedwith butyrate.In contrast to propionate having no effect onbutyrate uptake, butyrate inhibited (P<.01) propionateuptake by goat hepatocytes (Table 1).In these two goats, butyrate decreased propionateuptake to 46% of control and [2-t4C]propionate incorporation into glucose to44% of control (Table 1).Butyrate had noeffect on the ratio of [14C]glucose synthesized/propionate uptake nor the ratio of label incorporationinto glucose/CO 2. The similarity ofthese ratios in the presence and absence ofbutyrate suggests that butyrate induced inhibitionof propionate uptake and incorporation intoglucose occurs at a site prior to propionateconversion to oxaloacetic acid.All VFA, by established pathways, are metabolizedto CoA esters in their initial steps ofmetabolism. It has been suggested that butyrate,which requires two CoA for the synthesis ofacetyl-CoA, inhibits propionate uptake due to acompetition for CoA within the cell (8). Thishypothesis appears unlikely, since valerate andisovalerate, which have a similar requirementfor CoA and are utilized to a greater extent thanbutyrate, do not inhibit propionate uptake (Table1).Furthermore, for incubations containingpropionate with valerate or propionate with isovalerate,total VFA disappearance from mediawas twice that (P<.05) for incubations containingpropionate with butyrate.Therefore, propionateuptake in the presence of butyrate is notlimited by the cell's general ability to activateVFA but instead is a specific effect of butyrateon propionate utilization.Competition between propionate and butyratefor CoA was tested more directly by additionsof 1 mM CoA to goat liver homogenateincubations. Addition of CoA did not affectpropionate utilization, which was 3.6 and 4.1p.mol/2 h (SE = .3) in the absence and presenceof CoA, and there was no interaction betweenbutyrate addition and CoA addition. As discussed,butyrate's inhibitory effect appears tobe exerted at a primary step in propionateutilization.The initial step of VFA metabolismis transport across the plasma membrane. Butyrateaddition decreased (P<.05) propionate utilizationby goat liver homogenates from 4.4 to3.2 ~tmol/2 h. Conversely, Ash and Baird (4)demonstrated that 10 mM butyrate had littleeffect on 10 mM propionate conversion to propionyl-CoA by bovine liver homogenates.Bothdata sets are consistent with the inhibition ofpropionate conversion to glucose in intact hepatocytes, which is much less at 10 mM propionatethan at lower, more physiological concentrations(2). Also, inhibition of propionate mayoccur following propionyl-CoA synthesis.Inhibitionof propionate utilization by homogenatesreported herein demonstrates that butyrate's inhibitoryeffect does not depend on the presenceof an intact plasma membrane and inhibition ofhepatic propionate metabolism occurs subsequentto propionate transport across the plasmamembrane.Ricks and Cook (17) demonstrated that propionyl-CoA synthetase, purified from bovineliver mitochondria, does not activate butyrate.Therefore, there is little reason to expect competitionbetween propionate and butyrate forpropionyl-CoA synthetase. However, butyrate,or a metabolite of butyrate, may inhibit thisenzyme. Alternatively, butyrate or a metaboliteof butyrate, may inhibit propionate transport tothe mitochondrial synthetase or inhibit subsequentmetabolism of propionyl-CoA.Hepatic synthesis of glucose from propionateis the major source of glucose in ruminants.Data reported herein and those recentlyreported for sheep (8, 9, 11) and goats (2) demonstratethat butyrate may inhibit hepatic propionatemetabolism under physiological conditionsin domesticated ruminants, althoughdirect in vivo evidence is lacking.This inhibitionindicates the possible importance of butyrateconversion to 3-OH-butyrate by rumenepithelium, as the latter compound does notaffect propionate conversion to glucose in ruminantliver (1).As total absorption of butyratefrom the rumen increases, the fraction of buryrateconverted to 3-OH-butyrate decreases (22)so that net portal appearance of butyrate increasesrelatively more than absorption of butyratefrom the rumen. Additionally, as rumen pHdeclines from 7.2 to 6.0, the fraction of butyrateconverted decreases independently of total absorptionfrom the rumen (22).Therefore, increasedsupply of dietary butyric acid, increasedproduction of butyrate in thegastrointestinal tract, or decreased rumen pHshould all increase portal blood concentrationof butyrate. These changes, as well as any otherconditions that increase butyrate appearance inthe portal blood, may reduce hepatic clearanceof propionate. In vivo data to support or refutethis hypothesis are needed.Presently the mechanism by which butyratespecifically inhibits propionate metabolism isnot understood. Studies conducted thus far donot preclude the involvement of a cytosoliccomponent, such as short-chain fatty acid-bindingproteins (13). Direct effects of butyrate, ora metabolite of butyrate, on enzymes involvedin the initial steps of propionate metabolismwarrant investigation.Volatile Fatty Acid Uptake and Propionate Metabolismin Ruminant Hepatocytes
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