If participants
monitor for errors by predicting upcoming syllables
because the intended sequence is known in advance, and if
‘‘prediction is production” (Dell & Chang, 2014; Dell &
Kittredge, 2013), the production system is engaged, allowing
perceived syllables to immediately impact the
phonotactic distributions that the production system experiences.
Notice that it is error monitoring, not monitoring
for a target (e.g. a particular phoneme, as in Experiment
1) that creates the transfer, suggesting that actively examining
the heard syllables for deviations from an expected
set of syllables is driving the transfer.