It was found that the proportion of waste classified as hazardous varied significantly between different types of HCE (p < 0.001). The highest values (48.4 ± 1.4%) were found at diagnostic centres, while the proportions of hazardous waste recorded at clinics and hospitals were much lower at 22.5 ± 1.1% and 16.8 ± 1.6%, respectively.
While hospitals with large number of patients generate large volumes of total solid waste (Table 4), the amount of waste per bed is lower than that found in clinics (p < 0.05, Table 3). The twogovernment hospitals included in the survey generated more waste
than the two private hospitals (due to higher patient numbers), but both total waste and hazardous waste generated per bed is similar in private and public hospitals. Figs. 1 and 2 suggest that the most useful distinction may be between small clinics (15 beds), rather than between clinics and hospitals.
The values recorded at hospitals (both private and public) and large clinics seem comparable, but small clinics seem to generate larger amounts of waste (including hazardous waste) per bed. The sample of private clinics included some very small clinics, accommodating less than 10 patients and employing specialists at a favourable
patient: specialist ratio. These may have a greater proportion of non-residential clients and may attract more affluent patients with an expectation of better treatment and modern facilities (Rahman et al., 2007) and this may be associated with more comfortable residential care and an increased number of tests per patient, generating
amounts of waste comparable to those found in European studies. Bdour et al. (2007) have reported the average waste generation in European HCEs to be 3.9 kg bed1 day1 (Norway),
4.4 kg bed1 day1 (Spain) and 3.3 kg bed1 day1 (UK and France).
It was found that the proportion of waste classified as hazardous varied significantly between different types of HCE (p < 0.001). The highest values (48.4 ± 1.4%) were found at diagnostic centres, while the proportions of hazardous waste recorded at clinics and hospitals were much lower at 22.5 ± 1.1% and 16.8 ± 1.6%, respectively.
While hospitals with large number of patients generate large volumes of total solid waste (Table 4), the amount of waste per bed is lower than that found in clinics (p < 0.05, Table 3). The twogovernment hospitals included in the survey generated more waste
than the two private hospitals (due to higher patient numbers), but both total waste and hazardous waste generated per bed is similar in private and public hospitals. Figs. 1 and 2 suggest that the most useful distinction may be between small clinics (<14 beds) and large clinics (>15 beds), rather than between clinics and hospitals.
The values recorded at hospitals (both private and public) and large clinics seem comparable, but small clinics seem to generate larger amounts of waste (including hazardous waste) per bed. The sample of private clinics included some very small clinics, accommodating less than 10 patients and employing specialists at a favourable
patient: specialist ratio. These may have a greater proportion of non-residential clients and may attract more affluent patients with an expectation of better treatment and modern facilities (Rahman et al., 2007) and this may be associated with more comfortable residential care and an increased number of tests per patient, generating
amounts of waste comparable to those found in European studies. Bdour et al. (2007) have reported the average waste generation in European HCEs to be 3.9 kg bed1 day1 (Norway),
4.4 kg bed1 day1 (Spain) and 3.3 kg bed1 day1 (UK and France).
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