Since there has previously been no report for seed transmission of CLVd over the world, seed transmission of CLVd was first confirmed in tomato in this study (Table 1). The high rate of CLVd seed transmission in tomato cultivars S-4 and M-1 is similar to the PSTVd results, in spite of the smaller sample size. Because presence of PSTVd in the embryos of seeds should be able to facilitate the high rate of seed transmission (Matsushita and Tsuda 2014), CLVd exhibiting a high rate of seed transmission similar to that of PSTVd might also be in tomato seed embryos