The learner model: The term learner model is used to refer to special cases of user models, tailored for the domain of learning. The specific approach to modeling may vary between adaptive learning environments. Nevertheless, there is at least one characteristic shared by practically all existing systems: the model can be updated at interaction time, to incorporate elements or traces of the user’s interaction history. In other words, the learner model in ALEs, not only encapsulates general information about the user (e.g., demographics, previous achievements, etc.), but also maintains a “live” account of the user’s actions within the system.