Background: While massage has been removed from nursing curricula, studies have reported massage as safe
and effective for stress reduction, relaxation, pain relief, fatigue, and quality of life.
Objective: To compare the efficacy of two intensities of touch administered during two seated massages on the
attitudes of nursing students toward touch for their self-care and patient care.
Participants: Nursing students who volunteered gave institutional review board–approved written informed
consent to undergo massage by a licensed massage therapist.
Settings/location: A private room adjacent to the nursing lab in a school of nursing.
Intervention: Brief seated massages of differing intensities. Each participant received low-intensity and highintensity
touch in a two-block, randomized order, within-subjects design. Linear mixed models nested within
subject and random intercept analyses were used to test hypotheses in this two-treatment, two-sequence, twoperiod
crossover design.
Outcome measures: Health questionnaires/visual analogue scales pertaining to physical/affective/and attitudinal
status were completed before and after each massage.
Results: Twenty-nine participants (93% female, 83% single) completed the study. Before massage, the optimal
intensity of touch anticipated for self-comfort was 6.6 (0 = no pressure;10 = most intense pressure imaginable).
The mean touch intensities were 6.7 for high-intensity massage and 0.5 for low-intensity ( p < 0.001). The
overall percentage differences (feeling better or worse) following massage were as follows: low intensity,
37.5% better; high intensity, 62.7% better ( p < 0.001). Significantly more improvement was reported for energy,
pain, stress, and feeling physically uptight after high-intensity compared with low-intensity ( p < 0.03). Participants
were more likely to both receive touch for self-care and provide touch for patient care after experiencing
high- versus low-intensity massage ( p < 0.01).
Conclusions: High-intensity seated massage was more efficacious than low-intensity massage and positively
influenced nursing student attitudes toward the inclusion of massage in self-care/patient care. The role of touch
for self-care/patient care in the nursing curricula merits reconsideration.
Background: While massage has been removed from nursing curricula, studies have reported massage as safeand effective for stress reduction, relaxation, pain relief, fatigue, and quality of life.Objective: To compare the efficacy of two intensities of touch administered during two seated massages on theattitudes of nursing students toward touch for their self-care and patient care.Participants: Nursing students who volunteered gave institutional review board–approved written informedconsent to undergo massage by a licensed massage therapist.Settings/location: A private room adjacent to the nursing lab in a school of nursing.Intervention: Brief seated massages of differing intensities. Each participant received low-intensity and highintensitytouch in a two-block, randomized order, within-subjects design. Linear mixed models nested withinsubject and random intercept analyses were used to test hypotheses in this two-treatment, two-sequence, twoperiodcrossover design.Outcome measures: Health questionnaires/visual analogue scales pertaining to physical/affective/and attitudinalstatus were completed before and after each massage.Results: Twenty-nine participants (93% female, 83% single) completed the study. Before massage, the optimalintensity of touch anticipated for self-comfort was 6.6 (0 = no pressure;10 = most intense pressure imaginable).The mean touch intensities were 6.7 for high-intensity massage and 0.5 for low-intensity ( p < 0.001). Theoverall percentage differences (feeling better or worse) following massage were as follows: low intensity,
37.5% better; high intensity, 62.7% better ( p < 0.001). Significantly more improvement was reported for energy,
pain, stress, and feeling physically uptight after high-intensity compared with low-intensity ( p < 0.03). Participants
were more likely to both receive touch for self-care and provide touch for patient care after experiencing
high- versus low-intensity massage ( p < 0.01).
Conclusions: High-intensity seated massage was more efficacious than low-intensity massage and positively
influenced nursing student attitudes toward the inclusion of massage in self-care/patient care. The role of touch
for self-care/patient care in the nursing curricula merits reconsideration.
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