5. Conclusions
The efficiency analysis of the incremental forging process of flat surfaces by means of different tools shows that
the displacement of material is easier when using spherical-end tools and particularly with hemispherical tools (ballend
tools). With ball end tools it is possible to form the surface with lower axial forces.
Moreover, the ball-rolling incremental forging process shows that the lateral forces applied on the tool during the
deformation of the surface are lower than the axial penetration forces. Since during rolling there is no displacement
along z axis (penetration of tool) the rolling process is more efficient and consume less energy.
In addition, using standard CNC machines, incremental forging processes provide more flexibility and better
process control. It is also possible to control the local deformation that produces hardening of the material and better