The ability for pumps to operate efficiently in reverse as turbineswas first established by Thoma [1] in 1931 while mapping the fulloperating characteristic of a centrifugal pump. In recent decadesthere has been renewed interest in pump-as-turbine (PAT) technologywhich has found significant use in remote area powersupply installations, both on- and off-grid, as well as industrialapplication in energy recovery systems where a high pressurewater source exists that would otherwise require throttling.In such instances, within the range designated micro-hydropower (<100 kW), the initial capital cost of a conventional Francisturbine generating set is often prohibitive, making PAT installationsan attractive alternative with significantly shorter payback periods
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