Data Sources and Analysis
Quantitative. The quantitative source was a four-item Likert scale survey of the
participants. The survey instrument addressed factors assessing the development of TPACK in
pre-service teachers. The instrument was designed to identify the participants’ perceptions of the
(a) technology skills and knowledge, (b) pedagogical practice, and (c) depth of content learned
because of the integration of the timeline creator software. See Appendix A for the specific
Likert scale survey questions. Print versions of the surveys were distributed to the participants
after completing the Timeliner activity. Out of the 25 participants, 23 completed and turned in
the survey, a 92% response rate. While all students agreed to participate in this study, two had to
leave early on the day the survey was distributed. These two students only participated in a small
percentage of the Timeliner activity and did not compete the survey.