In the non-thermal SSF process, the pretreated root mash was hydrolyzed by the raw starch degrading enzyme without prior high-temperature gelatinization/liquefaction steps and thereleased fermentable glucose simultaneously converted to ethanol by S. cerevisiae at 32◦C. This led to a rapid increase in ethanol concentration during the first 48 h fermentation period with an accumulated ethanol concentration of 12.07% (w/w) (Fig. 4).