4. Screening of yeast strains suitable for fermentation at high temperatures
At present, bioethanol production accounts for the production of billions of liters of ethanol per annum from corn (USA) and sugarcane (Brazil). However, the use of thermotolerant fermenting yeasts can improve its efficiency by allowing fermentation to occur at temperatures above 40°C using SSF technology. During the past few decades, many studies have reported the screening of thermotolerant yeast strains capable of fermentation at high temperatures, which are deemed suitable for bioethanol production by SSF (Table 3).
2. LC biomass as substrate for ethanol production
3. Processes of second-generation bioethanol production
Scientists across the globe have developed different processes for ethanol production from LC biomass (Table 1). These processes include SHF; SSF: simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF); consolidated bioprocessing (CBP); and simultaneous saccharification, filtration, and fermentation (SSFF). Every process has its own advantages and limitations, which are listed in Table 2.