Although significant relationships between WPC and margarine
addition were not identified, strong and moderately negative correlations
were detected, respectively, between the thickness
(r ¼ 0.76) and specific volume (r ¼ 0.66) with the expansion
factor (Table 2). Thus, the lower the thickness and specific volume
values, the higher the expansion factor. The diameter and thickness
ratio (expansion factor) of cookies is primarily physical and is
related to the aforementioned capacity of ingredients to absorb
water. The specific volume is affected by the treatments used during
processing and the quality of the ingredients used in the
formulation of the dough, especially flour. According to Table 2,
there was no correlation between the yield and the weight of the
cookies developed in this study.