where C0 and Ce are the initial and final (equilibrium) concentrations
of the metal ion in solution (mg/L), V is the solution volume (L) and m
is the mass of the sorbent (g).
All experiments were conducted at a constant temperature.
Throughout the study, the pH values varied from 2 to 5, the initial
metal concentrations from 10 to 1000 mg/L, the initial biomass
concentrations from 0.01 to 20 g/L, and the temperature from 20 to
60 °C.