Sorbate in solution at the highest concentration of interest was prepared.
2. Dilutions to cover the entire concentration range (from 0 –blank to the maximum) were made.
3. Parameters such as pH were adjusted.
4. The sorbate initial concentrations Ci (mg/l) in all liquid samples were determined.
5. The amount of the (bio) sorbent solids S (g) to be used were accurately weighed for each contact test and
recorded. It is helpful to be able to roughly estimate the anticipated sorption uptake so that there is a well
detectable sorbate final concentration left in the solution at equilibrium in each sample. If there is too much
solids added there may be virtually no sorbate left in the solution for a reliable analysis (Alkan et al., 2001).
6. The sorbent solids were added into each sample solution and gentle mixing was provided over the sufficiently
long contact period.
7. Parameter such as pH was controlled at a constant value during the contact period, using appropriate acid. In
order to do that, the sorption system was not diluted by adding excessive volume.
8. At the end of the contact period, solids from liquids were separated by decantation or filtration.
9. The liquid portion was analyzed for the residual, final sorbate concentration Cf (mg/l).