of total permeate can also be obtained by integrating the
flux (J) with respect to time. Considering the time
required for backwashing (tb) conducted during operation,
the net time fraction, (tt2tb)/tt, where tt is the total
operation time, was applied to Eq. (2). And then the
amount of energy (Ep) consumed by the pump to produce
the unit volume of permeate can be evaluated by
Eq. (3), where 0.3 indicates the energy efficiency of
the pump.