human beings from our earliest beginnings have search for solutions to
basic problems
building homes measuring space keeping track two seasons and talking about
yours
over 30,000 years ago for the Paleolithic people kept track the
passing seasons and the changes the weather for planting
to represent the passing of time the cock tally marks on cave walls
were slashed tallies on bones Waterstone
each tally stood for one's the but this system was awkward when it came to large
amounts
so symbols were eventually created that's different groups about objects
soon marry in clay stones have been found the day to the 4th millennium BC
a small Claycomb was used for one
play ball was used for 10 and a large coke and stood for sixty
and written records from around 3300 BC each other babylonians inscribed amounts
on clay tablets with the renewed
the used in nail shape for one's enemy on its side for tens
combining the symbols to write other numbers for example
babylonians wrote the number nineteen as the engine Egyptians used objects from
their everyday life assembles
Rod Stewart for one cattle hubbell was 10 recoil Drogba's 100
a lotus flower was a thousand someone like the number nineteen was a cattle
hobble
and nine runs I'll the early Romans created the number system that we still
see today
along with other symbols they used in expert and then I for one thing
by the Middle Ages Romans were putting the eye to the right to the text for 11
into the left front nine so the road nineteen as
1:tax if he's created number system showed groups have objects
1:46as well as individual objects some the oldest human counting systems rely on
1:51fingers and toes
1:52so they were based on one's fives tens and twenties
1:56Zulu word for six means to take the farm
1:59the right-handed meaning that all the fingers on the left hand had been added
2:03up
2:04and the other thumb was needed of other systems evolve from Converse
2:08the Aruba in Nigeria used Camry shells as currency
2:11and developed an amazing with complex number system
2:15it was based on 20's and on the operations of multiplication subtraction
2:19and addition for example they thought a 45 as three times twenty
2:24-10 %uh -5 knots tied in cords and strings were used for recording amounts
2:30by many cultures
2:31like the Persians the lincoln's used a more refined version called a keeper who
2:35a fic court held horizontally from which hung knotted string
2:40the kind not the Ian Kinsler used along with the link can cover up the court
2:43represented ones tens and hundreds
2:45in today's world almost every industrial culture uses the numerals 0 through 9
2:50with the symbols were invented until the 3rd century BCE Inc India
2:54and it took another eight hundred years for the idea of 0 with place value to be
2:59constructed
3:00this big idea dramatically change the face and mathematics
3:03home we humans have always shared with one another
3:06went early culture share their food and water more want to divide their land in
3:11ways that were fair and equal
3:12fractions gradually emerged a simple students they're here
3:16situation the ancient Egyptians used
3:19unit fractions fractions where the numerator is one like 1/2 1/3 and
3:24one-fifth
3:24and would Adam have these fractions if they wanted to divide three loaves of
3:29bread equally among five family members
3:31but first divide the first and second lows in the first
3:35then they divide the third love in the fridge
3:38finally they take the remaining one-third from the second loaf
3:42and divide batter into five pieces they wrote this as
3:47one-third one-fifth 1 15th today we would represent the sharing with the
3:52fractions three-fifths
3:54three-fifths up a loaf for each person or three loads divided by five people
3:59the seminarians an early babylonians invented the number system the fractions
4:03based on sixty that we see reviews
4:05four thousand years later our days have sixty minute hours
4:09and 62nd minute and our circles encompass 360 degrees
4:13Chinese societies used in advocates for the system based on 10th
4:18although had no 0 an early form a decimal fractions came from the abacus
4:23for example three-fifths would be six out of 10 min abacus
4:27the Chinese lovingly named the numerator some
4:31and the denominator the mother it wasn't until the 12th century that common
4:36fractions with the bar notation that we use today were invented
4:39even then these fractions weren't widely used until the Renaissance period
4:43only five hundred years ago throughout history
4:46every culture around the globe has created inventive ways to calculate
4:50to solve a problem say 12 times fifteen
4:53early Russian presence used a system doubling and halving
4:59when a heart number have resulted in a fraction
5:02then rounded down urged
5:06then they have the factors associated with the are multiplied
5:11shield
5:14ancient Egyptians relied on a Dublin procedure until they produced enough
5:17group
5:18keep then they have these groups to find the answer
5:24across Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages
5:33the abacus was the hand-held calculator at it today but only very few people
5:37knew how to use it
5:38using the wealthy merchants and moneylenders by simply moving reads the
5:42beach at places like you
5:43abacus was a highly efficient way to compute them the great Arab
5:47mathematician out for his knee
5:49introduce the Hindu Arabic numerals ILU from 19 to North America and Europe
5:53and created new procedures for computation these algorithms could be
5:58written out to p for
5:59over the centuries learning the algorithms became the hallmark of an
6:03education
6:04students were taught to compute long columns %uh figures borrow in Cary
6:08and do long division efficiently and reliably they could not keep records at
6:12these procedures
6:13and check results today complex calculations are done with the hand-held
6:18calculator
6:19this mean students need the ability to check to reasonableness
6:22cancer tend to have a rich repertoire mental math strategies to do that
6:26most simply computations like 1215 can be solved mentally using a variety of
6:32strategies
6:33dished
6:37just days we do need to the rich and vibrant history of mathematics
6:47we can see how ideas and creations grew out of our very human need to solve the
6:51problems in our everyday lives
6:53through time the mathematical explorations that men and women from
6:57 around the globe
6:58have given us fascinating lenses that help us to mathematically view
7:02make sense of our world