The effortwas conducted using commercially pure Grade 4 titanium
[С – 0.052%, О2 – 0.34%, Fe – 0.3%, N – 0.015%, Ti-bal. (wt. pct.)].
Nanostructuring involved severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing
by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by thermomechanical
treatment (TMT) [32,33] producing 7 mm diameter bars
with a 3 m length.