2.2. System boundaries
The CFP was estimated following the life cycle assessment
concept and PAS 2050 methodology (BSI, 2008; Sinden, 2009). Four
stages of the life cycle of sugar, i.e. cultivation, production, processing
and transportation were considered in this study. The
systems boundary covered GHGs emission from raw material used
for sugarcane cultivation, and from cultivation and the milling
process (Fig. 2). Therefore, the CFP presented in this study includes
carbon emissions from rawmaterial preparation and production up
to the sugar products being stored in warehouses (consistent with
the “cradle to gate” approach described in BS EN ISO 14040 for
sugar production (BSI, 2008)).