Tube Dislodgement and Loss of AirwayAnother potentially deadly complication is tube dis- placement during the early postoperative period before the stoma has healed. Tubes can be displaced completely (decannulation) or partially (dislodgement) when the tip of the tube lies within a false passage anterior to the tra- chea (Figure 3). Predisposing factors include loose ties, edema of the neck, airway edema, excessive coughing, agitation, undersedation, morbid obesity, a tracheostomy tube that is too short for the tract, the technique used to place the tracheostomy tube, and downward traction caused by the weight of the ventilator circuit.40,43,44Complete healing of the stoma typically takes approximately 1 week, and the stoma can quickly col- lapse if the tube is dislodged or inadvertently removed before that time. Dislodgement of the tracheal tube dur- ing the first postoperative week is considered a medical emergency; therefore, tube security is a priority. If a tra- cheostomy tube is inadvertently dislodged shortly after surgery, the tissue planes are likely to collapse, making simple replacement of the tube impossible.44,45 If a tube is dislodged, supplies, including suctioning equipment, a new tracheostomy tube with obturator, oxygen, and equipment for inserting an endotracheal tube, should be readily available at the bedside to manage the situation.23When dislodgement occurs, quick recognition and prompt action are key to success. If a suction catheter cannot be inserted, the tube could be located within a false passage or obstructed by a mucous plug. Table 5 describes the differences between tube dislodgement in a patient who is receiving mechanical ventilation and a patient who is breathing spontaneously in no acute dis- tress. Subcutaneous emphysema or crepitus can occur within the initial incision and move through the stoma into the trachea, allowing air to escape in between the 2 openings. Subcutaneous emphysema, which feels like bubble wrap when palpated, can also be palpated in an inadvertent dislodgement when positive pressure is applied to the tube within a false passage.Efforts to prevent tube dislodgements will help avoid catastrophic consequences. Preventive measures include keeping tracheostomy ties secure and snug (no more than a single fingershould fit under theties), removingadded weight andtraction from theventilator circuit, keeping the tracheostomy tube in a midline and neutral position, and minimizing transport of the patient as much as possible. Tube security should be checked frequently and always before the patient is moved in any way.Complete decannulation occurs when the tube is com- pletely withdrawn from the stoma. Quick recognition is important because the stoma will begin to close; the newer the stoma, the more quickly it will close. Proper management depends on the maturity of the stoma. An immature stoma (<1 week old) will close quickly, so the
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