A Person Rather Than a Resource
What in fact is a “person”? In a sense, it is the opposite of a
centaur: we know what it is without ever being able to point one
out in the flesh. (Lenclud, 2009, p. 4)
The term person is widely present in common language.
However, although everyone seems to be familiar with its
meaning, grasping it specifically remains difficult. How do
we then truly define a person?
A Subject Rather Than an Object
If we consider a non-human resource, it is for us an object or
an instrument devoid of will power. Because of its human
nature, a person must be treated with respect and approached
differently from other resources (Melé, 2009c). A person is
first and foremost defined as a subject, that is, a source of
influence and intervention. According to Morin (1999), a subject
“is both an obvious and mysterious notion” (p. 144).4
Nevertheless, it is possible to imagine a subject as the cause
of its own action because of the subject’s interiority, freedom,
and personal autonomy (Melé, 2009c). Yet, this autonomy
and freedom cannot be separated from certain dependencies,
even from subservience (Morin, 1999). Subjects oscillate
between selfishness and altruism. On one hand, subjects can
be egocentric—placing themselves in the center of their own
world until they disintegrate at the time of death—while others
may mean nothing to them. On the other hand, subjects
can be altruistic, devoted to others and not seek all the attention
(Morin, 1999). We will come back to this complexity of
the subject, and thus the person (cf. A Complex View of
Human Nature Rather Than a Reductionism View of Human
Nature section) and to these notions of altruism and selfishness
(cf. Oriented Toward Other, but Strategic Rather Than
Egoistic section).
A Flesh and Blood Being Rather Than a Category
HRM defined human beings as resources; this founding definition
is theoretical categorization, which has profound practical
impacts. A resource can be easily “tagged” and that
helps us know in which compartment we can “store” it for its
eventual use. A resource has no say in this regard. The same
could be done with a person even though a person is whole
and complete, in body and soul, and could object to our type
of categorization. In this respect, Mounier (1952) explains
what is a person:
One might expect that personalism would begin by defining the
person. But one can only define objects exterior to man, such as can
be put under observation. Here is my neighbour. He has a unique
feeling of his body, which I cannot have; but I can look at this body
from without, examine its dispositions, its heredity, its form, its
maladies; in short, I can treat it as an object of physiological,
medical, or other knowledge. He exercises functions, and there is a
functional order and a functional psychology, which I can apply to
the study of his case, although they are not he, the whole man in his
total reality. Moreover, and in the same way, he is a Frenchman, a
bourgeois, a socialist, a Catholic, etc. But he is not a Bernard
Chartier, he is Bernard Chartier. The thousand ways in which I can
distinguish him, as an example of a class may help me to understand
him, and above all to make use of him, they show me how
practically to behave towards him. But these are merely sections
taken, in each case, through one aspect of his existence. (p. xvii)
The term person comes from the Greek word prosôpon,
which means a face, a thing, an individual in the flesh, or a
concrete individual who is playing a role (Housset, 2007). It
is what others see of the self and of its identity (Vernant,
1996). This concrete individual and his or her identity make
this person a unique being. The conception adopted here of a
person rests more specifically on personalism. Indeed,
despite its heterogeneousness perspective, personalists agree
on a person’s uniqueness and dignity (Melé, 2009c). More
precisely, personalism differs greatly from any other form of
collectivism, because, in a community, a person retains
autonomy and individual freedom. The person is not only an
individual who can simply be counted as part of a community
but rather a unique being that can neither be replaced nor
registered as abstraction (Melé, 2009c). A person also differs
from individual, because a person is not seen as someone
leading an isolated existence, linked to others solely through
a social contract. On the contrary, a person is seen as a social
being intrinsically related to others and leading an interdependent
existence (Melé, 2009c).
Consequently, a person is both unique and multifaceted,
different from others. Hence, a person cannot be understood
by observing only one facet, and though grasping all of them
may seem difficult, researchers and specialists must keep in
mind a person’s multifaceted composition. Mintzberg (2009)
explains that individualism is a beautiful idea as it produces
incentives, promotes leadership, and fosters development.
However, persons are also social animals and need social
glue to unite them for their own good. This is what Mintzberg
calls “community.” The community entails taking care of
work, colleagues, and one’s place in the world. He positions
community spirit between individualistic leadership, on one
hand, and collective citizenship, on the other. This view of
community is very close to the one that Melé (2009c)
describes, in which a person shares with others common
goals and goods that belong to the community, while maintaining
a sense of individuality.
A Creative Being Rather Than an Underling
When we use a resource, we just want it to respect our plans or
proceedings. Material resources have no inner drives so to speak;
they cannot transform themselves, and they are passive and
mostly predictable. Person has already been proposed as a notion
fostering human wealth (from a psychological standpoint) from
ผู้แทนที่เป็นทรัพยากรในความเป็นจริงคืออะไร "คน" ในความรู้สึก เป็นตรงข้ามของการเซนทอร์: เรารู้ว่ามันคืออะไรไม่เคยจะไปจุดหนึ่งในเนื้อ (Lenclud, 2009, p. 4)คำที่คนได้อย่างกว้างขวางร่วมแสดงภาษาอย่างไรก็ตาม แม้ว่าทุกคนน่าจะคุ้นเคยกับมันความหมาย เรียงโดยเฉพาะยังคงยาก วิธีทำเราอย่างแท้จริงแล้วบุคคลหรือไม่เรื่องแทนที่เป็นวัตถุถ้าเราพิจารณาทรัพยากร-มนุษย์ เป็นเกี่ยวกับวัตถุ หรือเครื่องมือที่ปราศจากพลังงานจะ เนื่องจากบุคคลนั้นธรรมชาติ คนต้องได้รับการเคารพนับถือ และประดับแตกต่างจากทรัพยากรอื่น ๆ (Melé, 2009c) ผู้เป็นสำคัญ และกำหนดเป็นหัวเรื่อง คือ เป็นแหล่งอิทธิพลและแทรกแซง ตามโมริน (1999), เรื่อง"เป็นทั้งแนวคิดชัดเจน และลึกลับ" (p. 144) .4อย่างไรก็ตาม ก็สามารถคิดเรื่องสาเหตุการดำเนินการของตนเองเนื่องจากเป็นเรื่อง interiority เสรีภาพและอิสรภาพส่วนบุคคล (Melé, 2009c) ยัง อิสระนี้และเสรีภาพไม่สามารถแยกออกจากการอ้างอิงบางอย่างได้จาก subservience (โมริน 1999) เรื่อง oscillateความเห็นแก่ตัวและ altruism สามารถครองหนึ่ง เรื่องสามารถ egocentric — ทำเองในตัวของตนเองโลกจะสลายในเวลาตายตัวในขณะที่คนอื่น ๆอาจหมายถึง อะไรไป บนมืออื่น ๆ หัวเรื่องสามารถ altruistic ทุ่มเทเพื่อผู้อื่น และไม่แสวงหาความสนใจ(Morin, 1999). We will come back to this complexity ofthe subject, and thus the person (cf. A Complex View ofHuman Nature Rather Than a Reductionism View of HumanNature section) and to these notions of altruism and selfishness(cf. Oriented Toward Other, but Strategic Rather ThanEgoistic section).A Flesh and Blood Being Rather Than a CategoryHRM defined human beings as resources; this founding definitionis theoretical categorization, which has profound practicalimpacts. A resource can be easily “tagged” and thathelps us know in which compartment we can “store” it for itseventual use. A resource has no say in this regard. The samecould be done with a person even though a person is wholeand complete, in body and soul, and could object to our typeof categorization. In this respect, Mounier (1952) explainswhat is a person:One might expect that personalism would begin by defining theperson. But one can only define objects exterior to man, such as canbe put under observation. Here is my neighbour. He has a uniquefeeling of his body, which I cannot have; but I can look at this bodyfrom without, examine its dispositions, its heredity, its form, itsmaladies; in short, I can treat it as an object of physiological,medical, or other knowledge. He exercises functions, and there is afunctional order and a functional psychology, which I can apply tothe study of his case, although they are not he, the whole man in histotal reality. Moreover, and in the same way, he is a Frenchman, abourgeois, a socialist, a Catholic, etc. But he is not a BernardChartier, he is Bernard Chartier. The thousand ways in which I candistinguish him, as an example of a class may help me to understandhim, and above all to make use of him, they show me howpractically to behave towards him. But these are merely sectionstaken, in each case, through one aspect of his existence. (p. xvii)The term person comes from the Greek word prosôpon,which means a face, a thing, an individual in the flesh, or aconcrete individual who is playing a role (Housset, 2007). Itis what others see of the self and of its identity (Vernant,1996). This concrete individual and his or her identity makethis person a unique being. The conception adopted here of aperson rests more specifically on personalism. Indeed,despite its heterogeneousness perspective, personalists agreeon a person’s uniqueness and dignity (Melé, 2009c). Moreprecisely, personalism differs greatly from any other form ofcollectivism, because, in a community, a person retainsautonomy and individual freedom. The person is not only anindividual who can simply be counted as part of a communitybut rather a unique being that can neither be replaced norregistered as abstraction (Melé, 2009c). A person also differsfrom individual, because a person is not seen as someoneleading an isolated existence, linked to others solely througha social contract. On the contrary, a person is seen as a socialbeing intrinsically related to others and leading an interdependentexistence (Melé, 2009c).Consequently, a person is both unique and multifaceted,different from others. Hence, a person cannot be understoodby observing only one facet, and though grasping all of themmay seem difficult, researchers and specialists must keep inmind a person’s multifaceted composition. Mintzberg (2009)explains that individualism is a beautiful idea as it producesincentives, promotes leadership, and fosters development.However, persons are also social animals and need socialglue to unite them for their own good. This is what Mintzbergcalls “community.” The community entails taking care ofwork, colleagues, and one’s place in the world. He positionscommunity spirit between individualistic leadership, on onehand, and collective citizenship, on the other. This view ofcommunity is very close to the one that Melé (2009c)describes, in which a person shares with others commongoals and goods that belong to the community, while maintaininga sense of individuality.A Creative Being Rather Than an UnderlingWhen we use a resource, we just want it to respect our plans orproceedings. Material resources have no inner drives so to speak;they cannot transform themselves, and they are passive andmostly predictable. Person has already been proposed as a notionfostering human wealth (from a psychological standpoint) from
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