การศึกษานี้แสดงหลักฐานทางวิทยาศาสตร์ชัดเจนครั้งแรกของการเชื่อมโยงระหว่างเบต้า- ปริมาณ A1 เคซีนและอาการของแล็กโทส และนอกจากนี้ที่เบต้า-ปริมาณ A2 เคซีน 5 (เทียบกับการใช้เบต้าเคซีน A1) ก่อให้เกิดประโยชน์ต่อการ predisposition เพื่อป้องกันหรือลดอาการทนต่อแล็กโทสใน สัมผัสในอนาคตกับแล็กโทส ก่อนหน้านี้ inconclusive และความขัดแย้งเล็ก ๆ รายงาน และ ศึกษาที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ BCM-7 (แทน A1 เบต้าเคซีนเอง) ได้นำไปสับสนระหว่าง ผู้เชี่ยวชาญในศิลปะ มีหลายเชื่อมีเชื่อมโยงดังกล่าวไม่ได้ ถึงหา 10 ของผู้สมัคร ในโซลูชันอาจสำรองไว้เพื่อให้ปัญหาที่มีได้รับความเดือดร้อนหลายคน ที่ถือตัวเองเป็น intolerant แล็กโทสเช่นหลีกเลี่ยงของ A1 เบต้าเคซีนในอาหาร นี้สามารถทำได้ โดยได้รับน้ำนมที่มีเนื้อหาเบต้าเคซีนที่เป็นเบต้า-เคซีน A2 และผลิตผลิตภัณฑ์มาจากนมที่ และทำที่นมและผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ใช้เพื่อลด หรือป้องกันอาการ 15 ของแล็กโทสThe milk of cows can be tested for the relative proportions of เบต้า-เคซีน A1 and เบต้า-เคซีน A2. Alternatively, cows can be genetically tested for their ability to produce milk containing เบต้า-เคซีน A1 or เบต้า-เคซีน A2 or a combination of both. These techniques are well-known.20 The การประดิษฐ์ has distinct advantages over existing methods for avoiding thesymptoms of lactose intolerance. Most existing methods rely on dietary modifications, many of which often have limited or no real success. The present การประดิษฐ์ provides a solution that is comparatively easy to manage, i.e. avoidance of milk or milk products thatcontain เบต้า-เคซีน A1 and ensuring that milk and milk products in the diet contain เบต้า-25 เคซีน that is predominantly เบต้า-เคซีน A2, preferably 100% เบต้า-เคซีน A2. The การประดิษฐ์ avoids any need for wholesale dietary mofications such as the avoidance of dairy products or other common food products.Any reference to prior art documents in this specification is not to be considered an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general30 knowledge in the field.As used in this specification, the words "ประกอบรวมด้วย", "ซึ่งประกอบรวมด้วย", and similar words, are not to be interpreted in an exclusive or exhaustive sense. In other words, they are intended to mean "ที่รวมถึง, but not limited to".The การประดิษฐ์ is further described with reference to the following examples. It will be 35 appreciated that the การประดิษฐ์ as claimed is not intended to be limited in any way by these examples.EXAMPLESExample 1: Feeding MethodologySeventy two weaned (four week old) male Wistar rats were used. Following a 7-day acclimatisation period on a control diet, the rats were fed for either 12 or 60 hours with one 5 of three diets: 100% A1 diet, 100% A2 diet, control diet (n=6 per treatment). The protein component of the diets were derived from skim milk (for the A1 and A2 diets) and on egg white (for the non-milk protein control diet), and were balanced for energy and macronutrient composition (see Table 1). Fifteen minutes before the end of the time period, rats received either นาลอกโซน or saline (control) via intra-peritoneal injection, and10 were then orally gavaged with a non-digestible tracer, titanium dioxide. Faecal and urinesamples were collected at 7 time points over the following 24 hours, and stored at -20 °C(faecal)•or -80 °C (urine) until they were analysed.
Table 1: Composition of diets
Product Al milk diet A2 milk diet Control diet
Ingredient gm kcal gm kcal gm kcal
เคซีน 0 0 0 0 0 0
Al milk powder 475 1691 0 0 0 0
A2 milk powder 0 0 468 1687 0 0
DL-methionine 3 12 3 12 0 0
Egg whites (dried) 0 0 0 0 200 800
Corn starch 150 600 150 600 153 612
Sucrose 288 1152 294 1176 500 2000
Cellulose, BW200 50 0 50 0 50 0
Corn oil 45.2 406.8 43 387 50 450
Mineral mix S10001 35 0 35 0 35 0
Biotin, 1% 0 0 0 0 0.4 0
Vitamin mix V10001 10 40 10 40 10 40
Choline bitartrate 2 0 2 0 2 0
Total 1058.2 3902 1055 3902 1000.4 3902
15
Example 2: Gastrointestinal Transit Time
Gastrointestinal transit time (GITT) was measured in rats fed according to Example
1. Titanium dioxide (Ti02) was used as a tracer administered orally to animals following 12
hour of feeding the 100% A1 diet, the 100% A2 diet, or the control diet. The results are
20 shown in Table 2 and in รูป 1. Recovery data is represented as the % TiO2 recovery
versus time (hours). Rats fed the A1 diet showed delayed transit relative to rats fed the A2 diet, with both groups showing delay relative to rats fed the control diet.
12
Table 2: GI Transit Times
Time Control SD Al SD A2 SD
1 0.001 0.002 0.171 0.406 0.001 0.002
2 0.006 0.011 0.514 1.218 0.011 0.024
3 0.028 0.047 0.522 1.221 0.033 0.043
4 0.029 0.046 1.189 2.854 0.056 0.036
5 0.064 0.071 5.624 13.713 2.048 4.162
6 0.758 1.196 10.343 17.419 22.188 19.698
7 37.605 28.549 53.530 15.513 61.024 11.983
8 41.716 28.082 55.296 18.084 62.482 13.170
Example 3: แลคเตส Activity
Frozen powdered duodenum tissue samples were homogenised in ice-cold deionised 5 water (1:5 wt/vol), then centrifuged at 2,200g for 30 minutes at 4. The supernatant was
harvested and further diluted (1:25) with deionised water. The samples were incubated
with lactose and the liberated glucose determined using a glucose-oxidase kit (Sigma) and
measured with a microplate reader. Table 3 and รูป 2 show the results for duodenal
แลคเตส for both acute (12 hour) and chronic (60 hour) fed groups of rats. Duodenal แลคเตส
10 activity was elevated in acute fed A2 groups, relative to chronic fed A2 groups and to both
acute and chronic fed A1 groups.
Table 3: แลคเตส activity for acute and chronic fed groups
Duodenum แลคเตส
(fkatal/ug protein) Std Dev
Al 12 8.94 3.87
Al 60 7.35 2.19
Al 12 N 8.99 3.86
Al 60 N 8.42 2.59
A2 12 35.97 32.23
A2 60 8.45 1.92
A2 12 N 6.55 2.76
A2 60 N no data no data
15 Example 4: MPO Activity
Colon tissue from the rats fed according to Example 1 was quantified for
ไมอีโลเปอร์ออกซิเดส (MPO) activity based on an established method (Grisham, M.B., et al.,
Methods Enzymol., 1990, 186:729-742) Colon tissue (50 mg) was homogenised,
partitioned via centrifugation, ruptured by ultrasonic probe and subjected to a freeze-thaw 20 cycle. Endogenous MPO catalyses H202-dependent oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-
benzidine substrate measured colourimetrically at 562 nm. Activity was normalised by a
13
bicinchoninic acid (BCA) (Smith, P.K., et al., Anal. Biochem., 1985, 150 (1):76-85) protein determination for the same homogenate. The results are shown in in รูป 3. Relative to A1 fed animals A2 animals demonstrated a significantly lower level of MPO activity following acute feeding. This was persistent and further increased with chronic feeding and
5 completely reversible by the oral administration of นาลอกโซน.
Example 5: Effect of BCM-7 on Uptake of ซิสเทอีน
Radiolabelled [35S]-ซิสเทอีน uptake assay was performed in Caco-2-GI epithelial cells
and neuronal cells, in the presence of BCM-7 released from เบต้า-เคซีน Al, and compared
10 against untreated controls as well as against morphine (a prototypical opioid receptor
agonist). Pre-treatment in cells was performed for different time points for 30 min, 4, 24
and 48 h as described previously (Trivedi M., et al.; Mol. Pharm., 2014). SH-SY5Y human
neuronal cells and Caco-2 Gut epithelial cells were plated in six-well plates and were
pretreated with drugs and incubated for various times prior to measuring uptake. Media
15 were aspirated and cells were washed with 600 pL of HBSS at 37 °C. Non-radioactive HBSS
was aspirated, replaced with 600 pL of 37 °C HBSS containing [35S]-ซิสเทอีน (1 pCi/1 mL),
10 pM unlabelled ซิสเทอีน and 100 pM DTT, and the cells were incubated for 5 min. The
[35S]-ซิสเทอีน/HBSS ของผสม was aspirated and treatment was terminated by two washes
with ice-cold HBSS. Cells were then lysed with 600 pL of dH2O, scraped, collected in 1.5 mL 20 microcentrifuge tubes, and sonicated for 10 s. 100 pL of each sample was aliquoted for
protein assay. 200 pL of each sample (in triplicate) was aliquoted into scintillation vials with
4 mL of scintillation fluid, vortexed, and counted for radioactivity (normalised against protein content). Additionally, the ซิสเทอีน uptake effects of morphine and BCM-7 were also characterised in the presence of D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr (CTAP), a
25 selective p-antagonist, and the delta antagonist naltrindole (NTI). The results are shown in
รูปs 4, 5 and 6. The symbol * used in these รูปs indicates a statistically significant
difference (p<0.05) compared against the untreated control, and the symbol # indicates a
statistically significant difference (p<0.005) compared against the untreated control.
30 Example 6: Effect of BCM-7 on GSH and SAM Levels
This example investigated whether decreases in ซิสเทอีน uptake as observed in
Example 5 could translate into GSH changes and affect antioxidant levels. The intracellular
levels of GSH were measured with BCM-7 as well as with morphine for different times (30
min, 4h, 24h) using HPLC and an electrochemical gradient detection method (Hodgson et
35 al., J. Alzh, Dis. 2013, Trivedi M., et al., Mol. Pharm. 2014). SH-SY5
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