SFAS NO.95 encouraged companies to report operating by reporting major classes of gross cash receipts, major classes of gross cash payments, and the difference between them-the net cash flow from operating activities. Reporting gross cash receipts and payments is termed the direct method, and it includes reporting the following classes of operating and payments:
1. Cash collected from customers
2. Interest and dividends received
3. Other operating cash receipts
4. Cash paid to employees and other suppliers of goods and service
5. Interest paid
6. Income taxes paid
7. Other operating cash payments
One criticism of the computation of cash flows from operating activities is the treatment of dividends and interest and interest paid. This treatment separates investments return and interest payments from the sources of these activities, the purchase and sale of investments that are disclosed as investing activities, and the sale and retirement of debt that are disclosed as financing activities.
A company that chooses not to use the direct method for reporting operating cash-flow information must report the same amount of operating cash flow by adjusting net income to reconcile it with operating cash flow. This method of reporting is termed the indirect method. The required adjustment include the effect of past deferrals of operating cash receipts and payment: accruals of expected operating cash receipts and payments; and the effect of items related to investing and financing activities such as depreciation, amortization of goodwill, and gains or losses on the sale of property, plant, and equipment.
A company that uses the direct method must reconcile net income to net cash flow from operating activities in a separate schedule. If the indirect method is used, the reconciliation is reported within the statement of cash flows. Consequently, it is sometimes referred to as the reconciliation method.
The operating sections of both Hershey’s and Tootsie Roll’s fiscal 2008 statements of cash flow are both prepared using the indirect method and disclose net cash provided of $519,561,000 and $57,042,000 respectively.
Cash flow from Investing Activities Investing activities include making and collecting loans; acquiring and disposing of debt or equity securities of other companies; and acquiring and disposing of property, plant, and equipment as well as other productive resources. Examples of cash inflows from investing activities are as follows;
1. Receipts from the collection or sale of loans made to other entities
2. Receipts from the collection or sale of other companies’ debt instruments
3. Receipts from the sales of other companies’ equity instruments
4. Receipts from the sales of property, plant, and equipments and other productive assets
Examples of cash outflows from investing activities are as follows:
1. Disbursement for loans made by the enterprise to other entities
2. Payments to acquire other companies’ debt instruments
3. Payments to acquire other companies’ equity instruments
4. Payments to acquire property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets
The investing section of Hershey’s fiscal 2008 statement of cash flows indicates that investing activities resulted in a net use of cash of $198,204,000, whereas Tootsie Roll’s statement disclosed met cash used of $7,074,000.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities Financing a activities result from obtaining resources from owners, providing owners with a return of and a return on their investment, borrowing money and repaying the amount borrowed, and obtaining and paying for other resources from long-term creditors. Cash inflows from financing activities include (1) proceeds from issuing equity instrument and (2) proceeds from issuing debt instrument or other short-or long-term borrowings. Cash outflows from financing activities include (1) payment of dividends or other distributions to owners and (2) repayments of amounts borrowed.
Although loans to or investment in other companies are classified as investing activities and repayment of amounts borrowed are classified as a financing activity, cash receipts from dividends and interest and cash payments for interest are classified as operating activities. The financing section of Hershey’s fiscal 2008 statement of cash flow indicates that net cash used from financing activities of $413,452,000 and Tootsie Roll disclosed a net use of cash of $38,666,000.
Proposed Format of the Statement of Cash Flows
The proposed revisions to the statement of cash flows outlined in Phase B of the FASB-LASB Financial Statement Presentation Project (discussed in Chapter 2) are illustrated in Exhibit 7.8. The presentation suggested is an expanded version of the direct method with additional disclosures for each of the statement categories.
In proposing the requirement to use the direct method, the boards noted that it is more consistent than the indirect method with the proposed objective of financial statement presentation. The operating cash receipts and payment that an entity presents using a direct method are consistent with the cohesiveness objective.26 Presenting cash receipt and cash payment line items in the operating category helps achieve the disaggregation objective because that information can be of significant help to users in assessing the amount, timing, and uncertainty of an entity’s future operating cash flows. Information about the relationships of operating cash receipts and payments is useful in assessing an entity’s ability to generate sufficient cash from operations to pay debts, reinvest in operations, and make distributions to owners. Therefore, a direct method of presenting operating cash flows provides information that is consistent with the liquidity and financial flexibility objective.
The major deficiency of the indirect method is that it derives the net cash flow from operating activities without separately presenting any of the operating cash receipts and payments. For example, envision an income statement that begins with the change in shareholders’ equity for the period and then reverses any changes in equity that did not affect profit or loss or net income such as dividends, issuance of shares, and repurchases of shares. That income statement format would arrive at the net income amount for the period too, but the statement would not be useful.
The board received comments that the indirect method provides a helpful link between income from continuing operations, changes in some line items in the statement of financial position, and net operating cash flows. The boards propose to satisfy this criticism by requiting an entity to prepare a new schedule to be included in the notes to financial statement that reconciles cash flows to comprehensive income.
Under its current format, the statement of cash flows reports changes during an accounting period in cash and equivalents from operating, investing, or financing activities. The new proposed format will have the same sections and categories as the statement of financial position and the statement of financial position and the statement of comprehensive income. That is, an entity will present the statement of cash flows by providing a section titled “Business” with the categories “Operating” and “Investing” followed by sections titled “Financing” “Income Taxes” “Discontinued Operations” and “Equity”
The classification of cash flows into the operating, investing, and financing categories in the proposed presentation model is based on the classification of the related asset or liability. Therefore some differences may occur in how an entity classifies its cash flows using existing guidance from how it would classify its cash flows using the proposed format. For example, cash flows from investing in operating assets under current U.S. GAPP are classified as investing cash flows, whereas under the proposed format they would be classified as operating cash flows.
26. See the earlier discussion on the objectives of financial statement presentation in Chapter 6.
EXHIBIT 7.8 Statement of Cash Flows-Proposed
Source: Adapted from “Preliminary Views on Financial Statement Presentation, “FASB, October 2008.
Because cash in the statement of financial position will no longer include cash equivalents, the boards propose not including cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. However, the boards suggest permitting the net presentation of cash and cash equivalents flows for the following items:
1. Receipts and payments on behalf of customer if the cash and equivalent flows reflect the activities of the customer rather than those of the entity
2. Receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, the amount are large, and the maturities are short
Financial Analysis of Cash-flow information
A major objective of accounting is to present data that allows investors and creditors to predict the amount of cash that will be distributed in the form of dividends and interest, and to allow an evaluation of risk. Net income is the result of changes in assets and liabilities: some current, and some noncurrent; consequently, net income cannot be equated with a change in cash. The statement of cash flows discloses the effects of earnings activities on cash resources, how assets were acquired, and how they were financed. The ability of an enterprise to generate cash from operations is an important indicator of its financial health and the degree of risk associated with investing in the firm.
The investors and creditors of a firm anticipate a return that is at least equal to the market rate of interest for investments with equal risk. Or, stated differently, investors expect to receive a discounted present value of future cash flows that is equal to or greater than their original investment. The past cash flows from a firm are the best available basis for forecasting future cash flows.
The FASB stressed the im
SFAS NO.95 encouraged companies to report operating by reporting major classes of gross cash receipts, major classes of gross cash payments, and the difference between them-the net cash flow from operating activities. Reporting gross cash receipts and payments is termed the direct method, and it includes reporting the following classes of operating and payments:
1. Cash collected from customers
2. Interest and dividends received
3. Other operating cash receipts
4. Cash paid to employees and other suppliers of goods and service
5. Interest paid
6. Income taxes paid
7. Other operating cash payments
One criticism of the computation of cash flows from operating activities is the treatment of dividends and interest and interest paid. This treatment separates investments return and interest payments from the sources of these activities, the purchase and sale of investments that are disclosed as investing activities, and the sale and retirement of debt that are disclosed as financing activities.
A company that chooses not to use the direct method for reporting operating cash-flow information must report the same amount of operating cash flow by adjusting net income to reconcile it with operating cash flow. This method of reporting is termed the indirect method. The required adjustment include the effect of past deferrals of operating cash receipts and payment: accruals of expected operating cash receipts and payments; and the effect of items related to investing and financing activities such as depreciation, amortization of goodwill, and gains or losses on the sale of property, plant, and equipment.
A company that uses the direct method must reconcile net income to net cash flow from operating activities in a separate schedule. If the indirect method is used, the reconciliation is reported within the statement of cash flows. Consequently, it is sometimes referred to as the reconciliation method.
The operating sections of both Hershey’s and Tootsie Roll’s fiscal 2008 statements of cash flow are both prepared using the indirect method and disclose net cash provided of $519,561,000 and $57,042,000 respectively.
Cash flow from Investing Activities Investing activities include making and collecting loans; acquiring and disposing of debt or equity securities of other companies; and acquiring and disposing of property, plant, and equipment as well as other productive resources. Examples of cash inflows from investing activities are as follows;
1. Receipts from the collection or sale of loans made to other entities
2. Receipts from the collection or sale of other companies’ debt instruments
3. Receipts from the sales of other companies’ equity instruments
4. Receipts from the sales of property, plant, and equipments and other productive assets
Examples of cash outflows from investing activities are as follows:
1. Disbursement for loans made by the enterprise to other entities
2. Payments to acquire other companies’ debt instruments
3. Payments to acquire other companies’ equity instruments
4. Payments to acquire property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets
The investing section of Hershey’s fiscal 2008 statement of cash flows indicates that investing activities resulted in a net use of cash of $198,204,000, whereas Tootsie Roll’s statement disclosed met cash used of $7,074,000.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities Financing a activities result from obtaining resources from owners, providing owners with a return of and a return on their investment, borrowing money and repaying the amount borrowed, and obtaining and paying for other resources from long-term creditors. Cash inflows from financing activities include (1) proceeds from issuing equity instrument and (2) proceeds from issuing debt instrument or other short-or long-term borrowings. Cash outflows from financing activities include (1) payment of dividends or other distributions to owners and (2) repayments of amounts borrowed.
Although loans to or investment in other companies are classified as investing activities and repayment of amounts borrowed are classified as a financing activity, cash receipts from dividends and interest and cash payments for interest are classified as operating activities. The financing section of Hershey’s fiscal 2008 statement of cash flow indicates that net cash used from financing activities of $413,452,000 and Tootsie Roll disclosed a net use of cash of $38,666,000.
Proposed Format of the Statement of Cash Flows
The proposed revisions to the statement of cash flows outlined in Phase B of the FASB-LASB Financial Statement Presentation Project (discussed in Chapter 2) are illustrated in Exhibit 7.8. The presentation suggested is an expanded version of the direct method with additional disclosures for each of the statement categories.
In proposing the requirement to use the direct method, the boards noted that it is more consistent than the indirect method with the proposed objective of financial statement presentation. The operating cash receipts and payment that an entity presents using a direct method are consistent with the cohesiveness objective.26 Presenting cash receipt and cash payment line items in the operating category helps achieve the disaggregation objective because that information can be of significant help to users in assessing the amount, timing, and uncertainty of an entity’s future operating cash flows. Information about the relationships of operating cash receipts and payments is useful in assessing an entity’s ability to generate sufficient cash from operations to pay debts, reinvest in operations, and make distributions to owners. Therefore, a direct method of presenting operating cash flows provides information that is consistent with the liquidity and financial flexibility objective.
The major deficiency of the indirect method is that it derives the net cash flow from operating activities without separately presenting any of the operating cash receipts and payments. For example, envision an income statement that begins with the change in shareholders’ equity for the period and then reverses any changes in equity that did not affect profit or loss or net income such as dividends, issuance of shares, and repurchases of shares. That income statement format would arrive at the net income amount for the period too, but the statement would not be useful.
The board received comments that the indirect method provides a helpful link between income from continuing operations, changes in some line items in the statement of financial position, and net operating cash flows. The boards propose to satisfy this criticism by requiting an entity to prepare a new schedule to be included in the notes to financial statement that reconciles cash flows to comprehensive income.
Under its current format, the statement of cash flows reports changes during an accounting period in cash and equivalents from operating, investing, or financing activities. The new proposed format will have the same sections and categories as the statement of financial position and the statement of financial position and the statement of comprehensive income. That is, an entity will present the statement of cash flows by providing a section titled “Business” with the categories “Operating” and “Investing” followed by sections titled “Financing” “Income Taxes” “Discontinued Operations” and “Equity”
The classification of cash flows into the operating, investing, and financing categories in the proposed presentation model is based on the classification of the related asset or liability. Therefore some differences may occur in how an entity classifies its cash flows using existing guidance from how it would classify its cash flows using the proposed format. For example, cash flows from investing in operating assets under current U.S. GAPP are classified as investing cash flows, whereas under the proposed format they would be classified as operating cash flows.
26. See the earlier discussion on the objectives of financial statement presentation in Chapter 6.
EXHIBIT 7.8 Statement of Cash Flows-Proposed
Source: Adapted from “Preliminary Views on Financial Statement Presentation, “FASB, October 2008.
Because cash in the statement of financial position will no longer include cash equivalents, the boards propose not including cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. However, the boards suggest permitting the net presentation of cash and cash equivalents flows for the following items:
1. Receipts and payments on behalf of customer if the cash and equivalent flows reflect the activities of the customer rather than those of the entity
2. Receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, the amount are large, and the maturities are short
Financial Analysis of Cash-flow information
A major objective of accounting is to present data that allows investors and creditors to predict the amount of cash that will be distributed in the form of dividends and interest, and to allow an evaluation of risk. Net income is the result of changes in assets and liabilities: some current, and some noncurrent; consequently, net income cannot be equated with a change in cash. The statement of cash flows discloses the effects of earnings activities on cash resources, how assets were acquired, and how they were financed. The ability of an enterprise to generate cash from operations is an important indicator of its financial health and the degree of risk associated with investing in the firm.
The investors and creditors of a firm anticipate a return that is at least equal to the market rate of interest for investments with equal risk. Or, stated differently, investors expect to receive a discounted present value of future cash flows that is equal to or greater than their original investment. The past cash flows from a firm are the best available basis for forecasting future cash flows.
The FASB stressed the im
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