A direct injection diesel engine fueled by a diesel/biodiesel blend from waste cooking oil up to B100 (a blend of 100% biodiesel content) indicated a combustion efficiency rise by 1.8% at full load.
The soot peak volume fraction was reduced by 15.2%, while CO and HC concentrations respectively decreased by 20 and 28.5%.
The physical and chemical delay periods respectively diminished by 1.2 and 15.8% for engine noise to pronounce 6.5% reduction.
Injection retarding by 5 reduced NOx to those original levels of B0 (a blend of zero biodiesel content) and combined respective reduction magnitude of 10 and 7% in CO and HC at 75% load.
Increasing the speed reduced CO and HC respectively by 26 and 42% at 2.36 times the droplet average strain rate.
By coupling the turbulence model to the spray break-up and chemical kinetics models, increasing the injection pressure simultaneously reduced CO, HC and NOx at 17% exhaust gas recirculation ratio.