Only two of the links, mind wanders to time management, and a link from intelligence to rarely studies, were not made directly with the target. The link from exam failure to rarely studies is a reciprocal one. In other words, both exam failure and rarely studies are seen as both causes and effects of each other. This indicates that participants do not simply view exam failure as the endpoint of a series of causes. Rather, exam failure is seen as something that itself has effects, such as exam failure having a dispiriting effect that leads to rarely studying. This supports research by Achebe (1982) who found that self-defeating beliefs were often associated with exam failure.