Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003) built on Ashmos
and Duchon’s (2000) work when they defined a spiritual workplace as one where individuals
experienced meaningful work in a community. Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003),
however, proposed that the third element of spirituality in the workplace was an alignment with
organizational values, not an inner life, and their notion of alignment is similar to that of Kinjerski
and Skrypnek (2004).