Schematic summary of key field, laboratory and theoretical studies which have investigated the effects of biotical and
abiotically generated wakes on fish swimming kinematics and behaviour. Stream observations of salmonid taking advantage of reduced flows behind aggregations of boulders , log baffles and Plexiglas T-structures. Laboratory manipulations of substratum ripple height and spacing on cod. A schooling fish swimming in the vortex wake of preceding members can gain a hydrodynamic advantage if a diamond formation is adopted . Lateral view showing that brook trout choose to swim behind cones, halfspheres and spheres less when their ability to detect flow is blocked. Dorsal and lateral view of fish entraining on relatively small diameter horizontal cylinders Dorsal and lateral view of brook trout, river chub and smallmouth bass entraining on relatively small diameter vertical cylinders . Rainbow trout riding in the bow wake, entraining and exploiting vortices behind a relatively large D-section cylinder. See text for details.