Our results showed that prevention measures against cropraiding wildlife mainly targeted elephants and farmers investing
in such measures experienced a higher damage than those who did
not. This indicates that farmers probably only reacted to damage,
without any prevention strategy beforehand, and the applied techniques were not effective. One promising approach is the use of
deterrents based on chili pepper, e.g., chili-grease fences (Osborn
& Parker, 2002; Sitati & Walpole 2006).