Mascheroni and Calvelo (1982) divide the total freezing time into precooling, phase change and subcooling (or postcooling) periods.The phase change time is calculated from Plank's equation (Eq. (3) ), while the precooling and subcooling times are calculated from analytical expressions ( Carslaw and Jaeger, 1959 ) which assume uniform initial temperature and constant thermal properties for each period: