Presence Self-Assessment Manikin: Presence-SAM (Schneider,
Lang, Shin, & Bradley, 2004). This is a 9-point pictorial scale
adapted from the SAM measure (Bradley & Lang, 1994). The authors
designed the scale to be moderately correlated (r ¼ 0.50) with a
verbal sense of presence scale. A further study by Wissmath,
Weibel, and Mast (2009) found that this measure involved less
effort for participants and measured sense of presence more
directly than a verbal measurement [(M ¼ 2.10; SD ¼ 0.98),
F(1,158) ¼ 9.60, p < 0.01]. This measure was selected because it is
short, simple and fast.