Global water shortages due to droughts and population growth have created increasing interest in water
reuse and recycling and, concomitantly, development of effective water treatment processes. Pressured
membrane processes, in particular reverse osmosis, have been adopted inwater treatment industries and
utilities despite the relatively high operational cost and energy consumption. However, emerging contaminants
are present in reverse osmosis concentrate in higher concentrations than in the feed water,
and have created challenges for treatment of the concentrate. Further, standards and guidelines for
assessment and treatment of newly identified contaminants are currently lacking. Research is needed
regarding the treatment and disposal of emerging contaminants of concern in reverse osmosis
concentrate, in order to develop cost-effective methods for minimizing potential impacts on public
health and the environment. This paper reviews treatment options for concentrate from membrane
processes. Barriers to emerging treatment options are discussed and novel treatment processes are
evaluated based on a literature review.
Global water shortages due to droughts and population growth have created increasing interest in waterreuse and recycling and, concomitantly, development of effective water treatment processes. Pressuredmembrane processes, in particular reverse osmosis, have been adopted inwater treatment industries andutilities despite the relatively high operational cost and energy consumption. However, emerging contaminantsare present in reverse osmosis concentrate in higher concentrations than in the feed water,and have created challenges for treatment of the concentrate. Further, standards and guidelines forassessment and treatment of newly identified contaminants are currently lacking. Research is neededregarding the treatment and disposal of emerging contaminants of concern in reverse osmosisconcentrate, in order to develop cost-effective methods for minimizing potential impacts on publichealth and the environment. This paper reviews treatment options for concentrate from membraneprocesses. Barriers to emerging treatment options are discussed and novel treatment processes areevaluated based on a literature review.
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