1. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
One of the approaches currently used for language teaching is communicative
language teaching (CLT). The CLT puts emphasis on learning the target language for the
purpose of communication in real situations. CLT is developed into two ways: (1) a notionalfunctional
approach which extends the teaching of grammar to include the teaching of
interactional notions (paying attention to the factors of formality and functions, such as
making requests, apologies, invitations, and introductions) and (2) learner-centered
approach which emphasizes the importance of learners learning the language (Carter &
Nunan. 2001: 15).
Similarly, Hedge (2000:71) states that the communicative approach involves
learners performing purposeful tasks in meaningful contexts, which reflect and rehearse
language as it is used authentically outside the classroom. However, communication is not
only information and language, but it also involves purposes and attitudes (Davis & Pearse.
2000: 82). The learners’ attention is focused on the ideas communicated, not on the
language used. For speaking in the classroom, Davis and Pearse state that “Speaking
ability should be the result of using English as the main means of communication in the
classroom”.