FOLDED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Folded Structures in Modern Architecture
Various forms of folded structures
2. THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOLDED STRUCTURES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Design and construction of folded structures occurs at the beginning of the twentieth
century, and is associated with the development of reinforced concrete [13]. The basic
idea of creating this type of construction is striving to achieve more constructive height
and greater rigidity and reduce the net weight of the structural element. The strength and
stiffness of folded construction is achieved primarily by proper design of the structure,
and to a lesser extent, by thickness and dimension of the elements that form it. This solution
was possible to realize due to the development of structural systems and the use of
reinforced concrete.
Engineer Eudene Freyssinet performed the first roof with the folded structure in 1923
as an aircraft hangar at Orly Airport in Paris. In technological terms this folded construction
is made of prefabricated elements, with pre-stressed structure, which is a remarkable
engineering undertaking of the time [16]. Based on the application of this pre-stressed
structure Eudene Freyssinet has been called "the father of pre-stressed concrete.
Folded structures have emerged as a counterbalance to heavy frame structures, in which
the net weight is very great and that are cost-effective only for ranges up to 25 m [12].
Folded structures are among the most cost-effective constructions, they use less
material because of their high stiffness in the plane of maximum bending in the direction
of the range [12].
The bearing capacity of full-flat panels depends on its thickness and quality of the
material from which it was made. The large range of full plate becomes too thick and
heavy, and as such is not economical. If we form the folded structure of the inclined panels,
their vertical projection becomes the height of the folded construction, and thus enables
the smaller thickness of the structural element. By the use of folded structures far
greater ranges can be overcome than by the application of a full flat plate.
Folded structures are spatial structures formed by the elements in the plane, different
in form and materialization. Folded structures differ in: geometric form, the form of a
base over which they are performed, the manner of performance, methods of forming
stiffness, function and position in the building, and the material they are made of.
By using folded structures different spatial forms can be made. The straight elements
forming a folded construction can be of various shapes: rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular.
By combining these elements we get different forms resulting in a variety of shapes
and remarkable architectural expression.
Based on geometric shape folded structures can be divided into (Fig. 1):
folded plate surfaces,
folded plate frames,
spatial folded plate structures.
Folded structures in the plane are the structures in which all the highest points of the
elements and all the elements of the lowest points of the folded structure belong to two
parallel planes.
Frame folded structures represent constructional set in which the elements of each
segment of the folds mutually occupy a frame spatial form. This type of folded structure is
spatial organization of two or more folds in the plane.
Spatial folded structures are the type of a structure in which a spatial constructive set
is formed by combining mutually the elements of a folded structure.
FOLDED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTUREFolded Structures in Modern ArchitectureVarious forms of folded structures2. THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOLDED STRUCTURES IN CIVIL ENGINEERINGDesign and construction of folded structures occurs at the beginning of the twentiethcentury, and is associated with the development of reinforced concrete [13]. The basicidea of creating this type of construction is striving to achieve more constructive heightand greater rigidity and reduce the net weight of the structural element. The strength andstiffness of folded construction is achieved primarily by proper design of the structure,and to a lesser extent, by thickness and dimension of the elements that form it. This solutionwas possible to realize due to the development of structural systems and the use ofreinforced concrete.Engineer Eudene Freyssinet performed the first roof with the folded structure in 1923as an aircraft hangar at Orly Airport in Paris. In technological terms this folded constructionis made of prefabricated elements, with pre-stressed structure, which is a remarkableengineering undertaking of the time [16]. Based on the application of this pre-stressedstructure Eudene Freyssinet has been called "the father of pre-stressed concrete.Folded structures have emerged as a counterbalance to heavy frame structures, in whichthe net weight is very great and that are cost-effective only for ranges up to 25 m [12].Folded structures are among the most cost-effective constructions, they use lessmaterial because of their high stiffness in the plane of maximum bending in the directionof the range [12].The bearing capacity of full-flat panels depends on its thickness and quality of thematerial from which it was made. The large range of full plate becomes too thick andheavy, and as such is not economical. If we form the folded structure of the inclined panels,their vertical projection becomes the height of the folded construction, and thus enablesthe smaller thickness of the structural element. By the use of folded structures fargreater ranges can be overcome than by the application of a full flat plate.Folded structures are spatial structures formed by the elements in the plane, differentin form and materialization. Folded structures differ in: geometric form, the form of abase over which they are performed, the manner of performance, methods of formingstiffness, function and position in the building, and the material they are made of.By using folded structures different spatial forms can be made. The straight elementsforming a folded construction can be of various shapes: rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular.By combining these elements we get different forms resulting in a variety of shapesand remarkable architectural expression.Based on geometric shape folded structures can be divided into (Fig. 1): folded plate surfaces,
folded plate frames,
spatial folded plate structures.
Folded structures in the plane are the structures in which all the highest points of the
elements and all the elements of the lowest points of the folded structure belong to two
parallel planes.
Frame folded structures represent constructional set in which the elements of each
segment of the folds mutually occupy a frame spatial form. This type of folded structure is
spatial organization of two or more folds in the plane.
Spatial folded structures are the type of a structure in which a spatial constructive set
is formed by combining mutually the elements of a folded structure.
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