3.4. ANOVA results
The six toxic metal profiles from smoking scenarios described in
Table 3 and Fig. 3 were subjected to a Bonferroni corrected one-way
ANOVA (analysis of variance) test (Table 5). This was done by
performing a pair-wise (or level) comparison test where the signifi-
cance level was set at p = 0.05. The analysis of Cr and As proved to be
statistically similar to one another (Sig = 0), however, the analysis of
Ni and Cd were statistically different (Sig = 1). In other words, a smoker
could be subjected to equal amounts of Cr and As and different amounts
of Ni and Cd. The one-way ANOVA test could not be performed on Cu
and Pb due to their quantities being for the most part, undetectable.
Similarly, an ANOVA test was applied to ascertain if differences in
the means were significant between charcoal and e-charcoal smoking
scenarios when using steam stones and tobacco (not previously mentioned
in this study). As is seen from Table 6, when e-charcoal was
used with various steam stones and tobacco compared with traditional
charcoal, the differences were significant at p = 0.05 (Sig = 1).