The critical analysis of the Pythagorean theorem and of the problem of irrational numbers is proposed.
Methodological basis for the analysis is the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics. It is shown
that: 1) the Pythagorean theorem represents a conventional (conditional) theoretical proposition
because, in some cases, the theorem contradicts the formal-logical laws and leads to the appearance of
irrational numbers; 2) the standard theoretical proposition on the existence of incommensurable
segments is a mathematical fiction, a consequence of violation of the two formal-logical laws: the law of
identity of geometrical forms and the law of lack of contradiction of geometrical forms; 3) the concept
of irrational numbers is the result of violation of the dialectical unity of the qualitative aspect (i.e. form)
and quantitative aspect (i.e. content: length, area) of geometric objects. Irrational numbers represent a
calculation process and, therefore, do not exist on the number scale. There are only rational numbers.