Study Identification and Coding The inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were as follows: (a) published in a peer-reviewed English-language journal, (b) parenting style categorized as one of two dimensions: warmth and control (Grolnick & Pomerantz, 2009; Rohner et al., 2005), (C) the parenting behaviors being quantified, (d) a case-controlled study design comparing IVF and natural con- ception (NC) being used, and (e) sufficient data available to calculate the effect sizes. This study excluded articles that reported the use of a donor egg or the use of sperm given to IVF mothers who were either surrogates or in homosexual relationships.